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Lower Anatomy
Topic #1
166
Medical
Professional
01/07/2008

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Cards

Term
Describe the Gluteal Region?
Definition
The buttock, extends from the posterior iliac crest to the gluteal fold
Term
Describe the Hip/Coxal region?
Definition
anterolateral from inguinal ligament to the inferior extent of the hip joint
Term
Describe the Thigh/Femoral Region?
Definition

from the inferior aspect of the pelvis to the knee

has anterior, posterior and medial regions

Term
Describe the Knee/ Genus region?
Definition

between the thigh and leg regions

has anterior and posterior regions

Term
Describe the Leg/Crus region?
Definition

from the knee to the ankle

has anterior, posterior, and lateral regions

Term
Describe the calf/sural region?
Definition
the rounded (shapely) part at the proximal posterior leg region
Term
Describe the Ankle/Talus region?
Definition

between the leg and the foot

includes the medial and lateral malleoli

Term
List the 3 parts of the Foot/Pes region?
Definition
Dorsal region, Plantar region, Calcaneal region
Term
Describe the Dorsal region of the Foot
Definition
the superior part or dorsum of the foot
Term
Describe the Plantar region?
Definition

the inferior part or planta of the foot

is divided into medial lateral and central regions

Term
Describe the Calcanael region
Definition
the heel;medially, laterally and plantarly
Term
Describe the Anterior/Ventral surface of lower limb
Definition
the front side of a part, except the foot
Term
Describe the Posterior/Dorsal surface of lower limb
Definition
the back side of a part, except the foot
Term
Describe the Medial surface of lower limb
Definition
the inner side of a part, toward body's midline
Term
Describe the Lateral surface of lower limb
Definition
the outer side of a part, opposite body's midline
Term
Describe the Flexor surface of lower limb
Definition

the surface over the flexor muscles

 

Term
Describe the extensor surface of lower limb
Definition
the surface over the adductor muscles
Term
Describe the adductor surface of lower limb
Definition
the surface over the adductor muscles
Term
Describe the abductor surface of lower limb
Definition
the surface generally over the abductor muscles
Term
Describe the Patellar surface of lower limb
Definition
the anterior surface of the knee region, over the patella
Term
Describe the Popliteal surface of lower limb
Definition
the posterior surface of the knee region
Term
Describe the Medial Malleolar surface of lower limb
Definition

the surface over the medial malleolus of the tibia at the ankle region

Term
Describe the lateral Malleolar surface of lower limb
Definition

the surface over the lateral malleolus of the fibula at the ankle region

Term
Describe the dorsal surface of the foot
Definition
the superior surface or dorsum of the foot
Term
Describe the plantar surface of the foot
Definition
the inferior surface, sole or planta of the foot
Term
Describe the anatomic position of the body
Definition

is one in which the body is standing erect with the toes and palms facing anterior

-the position of reference for much terminology

Term
Describe a relaxed standing position
Definition
the torso is slightyly slouched;the toes are often directed slightly lateral and the palms are facing medially
Term

Suprior, Cephalic, Cranial is?

Definition

toward the head

ex. the knee is superior to the ankle

Term
Inferior, Caudal is?
Definition

away from the head

ex. the foot is inferior to the ankle

Term
Anterior, Ventral is?
Definition

toward the front side

ventral is usually reserved for embryology

ex. the patellar surface is anterior to the popliteal surface

Term
Posterior, Dorsal is?
Definition

toward the back side

-dorsal is usually reserved for embryology, except when referring to the foot's dorsum

ex. the popliteal region is posterior to the patellar region

Term
Medial is?
Definition

closer to the midline (central line) of the body

ex. the hallux (great toe) is medial to the 5th pedal digit

Term
Lateral is?
Definition

farther from the midline

ex. the 4th pedal digit is lateral to the hallux

Term
Intermediate is?
Definition

between 2 structures

-ex. the ankle is intermediate to the leg and foot

Term
Ipsilateral is?
Definition

on the same side of the body

ex. the right forearm is ipsilateral to the right lower limb

-most often used for neurology

Term
Contralateral is?
Definition

on the opposite side of the body

ex. the left arm is contralateral to the right thigh

-most often used for neurology

Term
Proximal is?
Definition

closer to the origin/main structure

ex. the thigh is proximal to the leg

Term
Distal is?
Definition

farther from the origin/main structure

ex. the foot is distal to the knee

Term
Superficial is?
Definition

closer to the surface

ex. Skin is superficial to bone

Term
Deep is?
Definition

farther from the surface, closer to the center

-ex. Muscles are deep to skin

Term

Define Flexion?

Definition

decreasing the angle between body parts, generally

-usually an anterior direction except the knee and more distal joints where it is a posterior direction

Term
Define Extension?
Definition

increasing the angle between body parts, generally

-usually a posterior direction except at the knee and more distal joints where it is an anterior direction

Term
Define hyperextension?
Definition

extension beyond the anatomic position

-occurs normally at the neck, wrist, hip ankle and MTP joints; The term not usually used for hip ankle or MTP joints

Term
Define Abduction?
Definition
moving a part away from the body's midline
Term
Define adduction?
Definition
moving a part toward the midline of the body
Term
Define rotation?
Definition

moving around the long axis of a part

-occurs primarily at the hip and shoulder joint

Term
Define Medial/Internal rotation?
Definition
anterior surface of the part moves toward the body's midline
Term
Define lateral/external rotation?
Definition
anterior surface of the part moves away from the body's midline
Term
Define Circumduction?
Definition

movement of a part in a circular pattern.

-combines flexion and extension with abduction and adduction; movements must occur in alternating sequence

Term
Define Eversion?
Definition
moving the sole of the foot away from the body's midline
Term
Define Inversion?
Definition
moving the sole of the foot toward the body's midline
Term
Define Dorsiflexion?
Definition

extension of the ankle joint or joints distal to the ankle joint.

ex.  bringing the dorsum of the foot closer to the anterior surface of the leg

Term
Define Plantar Flexion?
Definition

flexion of the ankle joing or joint distal to the ankle joint

ex. moving the dorsum of the foot farther from the anterior surface of the leg

Term

Define Supination?

Definition

combination of plantar flexion, adduction and inversion of the foot

 

Term
where does the motion of supination occur?
Definition
the functional subtalar joint and the midtarsal joint
Term
Define pronation?
Definition
combination of dorsiflexion, abduction and eversion of the foot
Term
Where does the motion of pronation occur?
Definition
at the funtional subtalar joint and the midtarsal joint
Term
Describe the Frontal/Coronal plane?
Definition
divide the body or body parts into anterior and posterior sections
Term
Describe the Transverse plane?
Definition
divide the body or body parts into superior and inferior sections
Term
Describe the Sagital plane?
Definition
Divide the body or body parts into right and left sections.
Term
Describe the Midsagittal/Median Sagittal plane?
Definition
divides into equal right and left halves
Term
Describe the parasagittal plane?
Definition
any sagittal plane except the midsagittal plane
Term
Describe the Cardinal body planes?
Definition
that plane which divides the body into equal parts
Term
Describe the Cardinal Sagittal plane?
Definition
the midsagittal plane
Term
Describe the Cardinal Frontal/Coronal plane?
Definition
divides the body into equal anterior and posterior halves
Term
Describe the Cardinal Transverse plane?
Definition
divides the body into equal superior and inferior halves
Term
Define joints/articulations?
Definition
where two bones meet
Term
Define Arthrology?
Definition
the study of joints
Term
Define synarthrosis?
Definition

an immovable joint

ex. sutures of the skull

Term
Define Amphiarthrosis?
Definition

a slightly movable joint

ex. symphysis pubis

Term
Define Diarthrosis?
Definition

a freely moveable joint

primarily these in lower limb

ex. hip joint

Term
What are the 2 classifications of Arthrology?
Definition

Functional-based on the amount of movement available at a joint

Structural-based on the material that unites the bone ends

Term
What are the 3 structural classifications of arthrology?
Definition
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial
Term
Name 3 types of fibrous joints/articulations?
Definition

Sutures, Gomphosis, Syndesmosis

Term
Define suture?
Definition

of the skull

-funtional synarthroses

Term
Define Gomphosis?
Definition

between a tooth and the alveolus/socket

-functional synarthroses

Term
Define Syndesmosis?
Definition

2 bones held together by a sheet of fibrous tissue

ex. tibiofibular syndesmosis

-functional amphiarthroses

Term
Define cartilaginous joint/articulation?
Definition
united by cartilage
Term
Define primary cartilaginous joints?
Definition

-united by hyaline cartilage

-temporary joints

ex. epiphyseal/growth plates

-funtional synarthoses

Term
Describe secondary cartilaginous joint/articulation
Definition

-united by fibrocartilage

-permanent joints

ex. intervertebral discs or symphysis pubis

-functional amphiarthoses

Term
What are the 5 components of synovial joints
Definition

-articular capsul/fibrous joint capsule unies the bone ends

-articular cartilage(usually hyaline) on the bone ends

-synovial membrane lines the joint cavity except the articular cartilage and produces synovial fluid

-synovial fluid produced by synovial membrane and fills the joint cavity (lubricates and protects the articular cartilage)

-joint cavity, space between the bone ends and within the capsule

 

Term
What is the primary type of joint in the lower limb?
Definition
Synovial
Term
What is synovial fluid produced by?
Definition
synovial membrane
Term
T/F all synovial joints are functional diarthroses?
Definition
True
Term
Describe and give an example of Plane/Planar/Gliding joint?
Definition

bone ends are both flat surfaces

-allow gliding movements only, no rotation

ex. intertarsal joints

Term
Describe and give an example of Hinge/Ginglymus joint?
Definition

complex surface shapes that may involve more than 2 bones

-allow movement in one plane; flexion and extension

ex. ankle joint

Term
Describe and give an example of Condyloid/Ellipsoid joint?
Definition

1 rounded, ball like projection and 1 shallow saucer-like surface

-allow movement in two planes; flexion and extension, abduction and adduction and circumduction

ex. metatarsophalangeal joints

Term
Describe and give an example of Saddle/Sellar joint?
Definition

2 saddle shaped surfaces

-allow movement in two planes; flexion and extension or abduction and adduction (not both at same time)

-have a small amount of rotation due to joint surface shapes

ex. calcaneocuboid joint

Term
Describe and give an example of Bicondylar joint?
Definition

2 large rounded projections contacting 2 saucer-like areas

-allow movement primarily in one plane with a small amount of rotation

ex. knee joint

Term
Describe and give an example of Ball and Socket/Spheroid joint?
Definition

1 large rounded, ball-like projection and 1 cup-like depression

-allows movements in three planes

-have all movements-flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction,internal rotation and external rotation

ex. hip joint

Term
Define Osteology?
Definition
Study of bone
Term
Define Ligament?
Definition

dense connective tissue that connects bone to bone

-often blend with articular capsules

Term
What are 2 types of bone?
Definition

1. Compact, cortical, or dense

2.Cancellous, trabecular or spongy

Term
Describe Compact, cortical or dense bone?
Definition

very solid

-appears white on radiographs due to closely packed cells

-provides strength to the bone

Term
Describe Canellous, trabecular or spongy bone?
Definition

appears as thin interlaced plates on radiographs due to loosely packed cells

-has good blood supply for rapid healing

Term
Define trabeculae
Definition
the plates or lattice peices
Term
Describe Axial bones?
Definition

part of the axial skeleton

-includes the skull, verterbrae, ribs, sternum and manubrium

 

Term
Describe the Appendicular bones?
Definition

part of the appendicular skeleton/limbs

Term
What bones are included in the upper limb?
Definition
pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle), humerus, radius, ulna, carpus, metacarpus, and manual phalages
Term
What bones are in the lower limb?
Definition
pelvic girdle (os coxa), femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsus (greater and lesser), metatarsus, and pedal phalanges (in the toes)
Term
Describe long bones?
Definition

usually have greater length than width

-found in the limbs

-slight posterior/plantar concavity (curvature) in the lower limb for strength

ex. femur

Term
Describe the Diaphysis/Shaft/Body of a long bone?
Definition

the central tubular part

-primarily compact bone

 

Term
Describe medullary cavity?
Definition

the hollow core in the diaphysis

-contains bone marrow

Term
Desribe the epiphyses of long bones?
Definition

the ends of the bone

-core of cancellous bone with a thin covering of compact bone, areas of articulation are covered with cartilage

-epiphysis is singular

Term
Describe metaphyses of long bone?
Definition

flared part between the diaphysis and epiphyses

-core of cancellous bone with a thin covering of compact bone

-metaphysis is singular

Term

Describe short bones?

Definition

roughly cube shaped

-found only in the carpus and tarsus

-core of cancellous bone with a thin covering of compact bone

ex. cuboid and cuneiforms

Term

Describe and give an example of an Irregular bone?

Definition

complex shapes with varying amounts of cancellous and compact bone

ex. vertebrae and facial bones

Term
Describe and give an example of Flat bones?
Definition

two parallel plates of compact bone with a minute amount of cancellous between two plates

ex. ribs and skull

Term
Describe and give an example of Sesmoid bones?
Definition

round or oval bones located within tendons and often joint capsules

ex. patella-largest sesamoid in the body and the sesamoids of the first metatarsal bone

Term
What are the 2 functions of sesamoid bones?
Definition

1.protect the tendon from wear

2.create a mechanical advantage for the muscle by changing the angle of the pull and altering the muscle action

Term
Describe and give an example of Accessory bones/ossicles?
Definition

small bones with smooth regular edges

-may be a non-fused portion of an existing bone or an extra bone

-may be located within joint capsules

ex. os intermetatarseum and os supratalare

-many in the foot

Term
Define Foramen? (foramina)
Definition

an opening (hole) for the passage of vessels and nerves

ex. nutrient foramen, sacral foramina

Term

Define sulcus,groove? (sulci)

give example

Definition

a ditch-like furrow for the passage of soft tissue structures

ex. obturator groove, lateral malleolar sulcus

Term

Define Fossa? (fossae)

give example

Definition

a depression in or on a bone

ex. iliac fossa, lateral malleolar fossa

Term

Define Notch?

give example

Definition

an indentation along the edge of a bone

ex. greater sciatic notch

Term

Define Condyle?

give example

Definition

a large rounded or depressed articular prominence

ex. medial femoral condyle

Term

Define Epicondyle?

give example

Definition

a small prominence superior to a condyle

ex. medial epicondyle of the femur

Term

Define facet?

give example

Definition

a smooth flat surface for articulation

ex. middle facet of the calcaneus

Term

Define tubercle?

give example

Definition

 a small rounded prominence for the attachement of soft tissue structures

ex. adductor tubercle of the femur

Term

Define Tuberosity?

give example

Definition

a large rounded prominence often roughened for the attachement of soft tissue structures

ex. tibial tuberosity

Term

Define Trochanter?

give example

Definition

a large blunt process only on the femur

ex. greater trochanter

Term

Define Crest?

give example

Definition

a prominent border or ridge

ex. median sacral crest

Term

Define line,ridge?

give example

Definition

a ridge, much less prominent than a crest

ex. soleal line of the tibia

Term
T/F all lower extremity bones begin as cartilage except the tufts of the distal phalanges?
Definition
True
Term
the tufts of the distal phalanges ossify through a process called?
Definition
intramembranous ossification
Term
The ossification process from cartilage to bone is called?
Definition
endochondral bone formation or intracartilaginous ossification
Term
Where is the primary ossification center in long bones?
Definition
at midshaft of bone
Term
T/F primary ossification centers of all the lower limb long bones are present at birth?
Definition
True
Term
T/F Primary ossification center forms the major part of the diaphysis?
Definition
True
Term
Where is the secondary ossification center in long bones?
Definition
in the extremities (ends)
Term
T/F Secondary ossification centers may be present at birth and one or more for each extremity?
Definition
True
Term
T/F secondary ossification centers form the epiphyses?
Definition
True
Term
Where is the Epiphyseal Plate/Physis located?
Definition
area of cartilage between the diaphysis and the epiphyses
Term
T/F The Epiphyseal plate/Physis allows for length-wise growth of bone?
Definition
True
Term
T/F the Epiphyseal Plate/Physis forms the metaphyses and part of the diphysis
Definition

True

Term
Where is the center of ossification located in short bones?
Definition
In the bone's center
Term
T/F the center of ossification of some short bones is present at birth?
Definition
True
Term

What is the exception of short bones for having only one center of ossification?

Definition
calcaneus-secondary center is located posteriorly and is called the calcaneal apophysis
Term
T/F you can determine a childs age radiographically using the centers of ossification of the short bones of the foot?
Definition
True...but the hand is more accurate
Term
Define Myology?
Definition
Study of muscles
Term
Define tendon?
Definition

connective tissue continuation of the muscle

-attaches muscle to bone

Term
Describe tendon sheath?
Definition

a dougle layer of connetive tissue around a tendon with a small amount of fluid between layers

-allows tendon to glide freely when the muscle contracts or relaxes and prevents friction or damage to tendon

Term
What is a mesotendon?
Definition

where the layers of tendon sheath meet each other

-may remain as a single structure, or partially, or completely degenerate

Term

What is vincula?

function?

Definition

name given to areas of mesotendon that are present on the flexor tendons of the hand or foot

function: are areas for passage of vessels that nourish the tendon

Term

Describe watershed area?

Definition

-on tendons that don't have tendon sheaths

-area of tendon where there is the greatest potential of injury du to lack of blood supply

Term
T/F tendons without sheaths receive blood from the bone to which it attaches and from the muscle, majority from muscle
Definition
True-this creates an area where the two sources meet at the watershed
Term
Describe and give an example of Aponeurosis?
Definition

flat connective tissue sheet

-attaches muscle to muscl, muscle to bone or muscle to skin

ex. plantar aponeurosis/plantar fascia

Term
Describe and give an example of Bursa?
Definition
a fluid filled sac that decreases friction between 2 structures; ligament and bone, ligament and ligament, muscle and bone, tendon and tendon, bond and skin
Term
Describe and give an example of Adventitious bursa?
Definition

located just beathe the skin and develops as a result of abnormal friction

ex. over a bunion

Term
List 3 types of muscle?
Definition
Cardiac, Smooth (non-striated), Skeletal
Term

What type of muscle is heart muscle tissue?

Definition
Cardiac
Term
What type of muscle is muscle of viscera?
Definition

smooth (non-striated)

Term
What type of muscle is voluntary?
Definition
Skeletal
Term
T/F both cardiac and skeletal muscle is striated?
Definition
True
Term
That is the contractile part of a skeletal muscle called?
Definition
Belly (actual muscle tissue)
Term
What is the functional stable attachment that does not move of muscle called?
Definition

Origin

(the proximal attachment from an anatomic view)

Term
the functional mobile attachment of skeletal muscle is called?
Definition

insertion

(the distal attachment from an anatomic view)

Term

muscle fibers running parallel to midline are called?

Definition
Rectus
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