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Logic Ch 1
Terms/ Notes for Logic
113
Philosophy
01/30/2011
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Term
________ is the organized body of knowledge, or science, that evaluates arguments.
 Definition
Logic
Term
An ___________ is a group of statements, one or more of which are claimed to provide support for, or reasons to believe, one of the others.
 Definition
Argument
Term
The _________________ are 1) those in which the premises really do support the conclusion, and 2) those in which they do not support the conclusion, even though they are claimed to.
 Definition
Two Argument Groups
Term
A ____________ is a sentence that is either true or false
 Definition
Statement
Term
__________ are the truth and falsity of a statement.
 Definition
Truth Values
Term
_____________ are the statements that set forth the reasons o evidence.
 Definition
Premises
Term
A ______________ is the statement that the evidence is claimed to support or imply.
 Definition
Conclusion
Term
A __________________ consists of words that provide clues in identifying conclusions.
 Definition
Conclusion Indicator
Term
A __________________ consists of words that provide clues in identifying premises.
 Definition
Premise Indicator


Term
______________ is the reasoning process expressed by an argument.
 Definition
Inference (Narrow Sense)
Term
______________ can be used interchangeably with 'Argument.'
 Definition
Inference (Broad Sense)
Term
A ___________ is the meaning or information content of a statement
 Definition
Proposition
Term
The kind of logic in which the fundamental elements are terms, and arguments are evaluated as good or bad depending on how the terms are arranged in the argument is _______________.
 Definition
syllogistic logic
Term
The kind of logic that involves such concepts as possibility, necessity, belief, and doubt is _________________.
Definition
modal logic
Term
__________________ is looking at the conclusion of an argument, and based on that, not taking the argument further.
 Definition
Bottom Line Syndrome
Term
____________ are facts.
 Definition
Objective Claims
Term
_____________ are opinions.
 Definition
Subjective Claims
Term
- Father of Logic
- Developed Syllogistic Logic
- Developed Modal Logic
This describes _______________.
 Definition
Aristotle
Term
____________ is a principle which generally recommends selecting the competing hypothesis that makes the fewest new assumptions, when the hypotheses sufficiently explain available data in the first place.
 Definition
Ockhams Razor
Term
There are _____ conditions that must be fulfilled for a passage to prove something.
 Definition
two
Term
1. At least one of the statements must claim to present evidence or reason
2. There must be a claim that the alleged evidence supports or implies something - that is, a claim that something follows from the alleged evidence or reasons.

These conditions must be met ______________.
 Definition
for a passage to prove something
Term
Every argument must include a ____________ and _____________.
 Definition
factual claim, inferential claim
Term
A _________ is a claim that present evidence or reasons.
 Definition
factual claim
Term
An _____________ is a claim that the evidence or reasons support or imply something.
 Definition
inferential claim
Term
An ___________ is usually asserted by premise or conclusion indicator words.
 Definition
explicit inferential claim
Term
Thus, Since, Because, Hence, and Therefore are examples of _____________.
 Definition
Premise and Conclusion indicator words
Term
An ____________ exists if there is an inferential relationship between the statements in a passage, but the passage contains no indicator words.
 Definition
implicit inferential claim
Term
In deciding whether there is a claim that evidence supports or implies something, keep an eye out for ________________________.
 Definition
Indicator words, The Presence of an inferential relationship between the statements
Term
___________________ passages are non-argument, unproblematic passages that lack a claim that anything is being proved.
 Definition
Simple non-inferential passages
Term
A ___________ is a Non-Argument form of expression that is intended to put someone on guard against a dangerous or detrimental situation.
 Definition
warning
Term
A ______________ is a Non-Argument form of expression that makes a recommendation about some future decision or course of conduct.
 Definition
piece of advice
Term
A ______________ is a Non-Argument expression about what someone happens to believe or think about something
 Definition
statement of belief or opinion
Term
_____________ is a Non-Argument that may be about the same general subject, but they lack a claim that one of them is proved by the others.
 Definition
Loosely Associated Statements
Term
A ____________ is a Non-Argument that consists of a group of statements that convey information about some topic or event.
 Definition
report
Term
An ____________ is a kind of discourse that begins with a topic sentence followed by one or more sentences that develop the topic sentence.
 Definition
expository passage
Term
An ___________ is an expression involving one or more examples that is intended to show what something means and how it is done.
 Definition
Illustration
Term
Illustrations that can be taken as arguments are called ______________.
 Definition
arguments from example
Term
An ___________ is an expression that purports to shed light on some event or phenomenon.
 Definition
explanation
Term
A ___________ is an "If . . . Then . . ." statement.
 Definition
conditional statement
Term
The component statement immediately following the if is called the ____________.
 Definition
antecedent
Term
The component statement immediately following the "then" is called the _____________.
 Definition
consequent
Term
A Conditional Statement is not ______________.
 Definition
an argument
Term
A Conditional Statement may serve as the __________________ of an argument.
 Definition
premise, conclusion, or premise and conclusion
Term
The _____________ of a conditional statement may be represented to form an argument.
 Definition
inferential content
Term
A is said to be a _____________ for B whenever the occurrence of A is all that is needed for the occurrence of B.
 Definition
sufficient condition
Term
B is said to be a _______________ for A whenever A cannot occur without the occurrence of B.
 Definition
necessary condition
Term
A _____________ is an argument incorporating the claim that it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true.
 Definition
deductive argument
Term
An ________________ is an argument incorporating the claim that it is improbable that the conclusion be false given that the premises are true.
 Definition
inductive argument
Term
- The occurrence of special indicator words.
- The actual strength of the inferential link between premises and conclusion.
- The form or style of argumentation.
These are features of an argument to decide if ______________________.
 Definition
they are deductive or inductive
Term
An __________________ is an argument in which the conclusion depends on some purely arithmetic or geometric computation or measurement.
 Definition
argument based on mathematics
Term
An ____________________ is an argument in which the conclusion is claimed to depend merely on the definition of some word or phrase used in the premise or conclusion.
 Definition
argument from definition
Term
A ______________ is a syllogism in which each statement begins with one of the words "all," "no," or "some."
 Definition
categorical syllogism
Term
A ________________ is a syllogism having a conditional statement for one or both of its premises.
Definition
hypothetical syllogism
Term
A _________________ is a syllogism having a disjunctive statement. (an either or statement)
 Definition
disjunctive syllogism
Term
A ___________ is an argument that proceeds from our knowledge of the past to a claim about the future.
 Definition
prediction
Term
An ________________ is an argument that depends on the existence of an analogy, or similarity, between two things or states of affairs.
 Definition
argument from analogy
Term
A ____________ is an argument that proceeds from the knowledge of selected sample to some claim about the whole group.
 Definition
generalization
Term
An ____________ is an argument that concludes something is true because a presumed expert or witness has said that it is.
 Definition
argument from authority
Term
An _______________ is an argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a sign to a claim about the thing or situation that the sign symbolizes.
 Definition
argument based on signs
Term
A _____________ is an argument that proceeds from knowledge of a cause to a claim about an effect or conversely, from knowledge of an effect to a claim about a cause.
 Definition
causal inference
Term
A _____________ is one that makes a claim about one or more particular members of a class.
 Definition
particular statement
Term
A ____________ makes a claim about all members of a class.
 Definition
general statement
Term
To distinguish deductive arguments from inductive arguments, we attempt to evaluate the _________________. - How strongly the conclusion is claimed to follow from the premises.
 Definition
strength of an argument's inferential claim
Term
A __________________ is an argument in which it impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true.
 Definition
valid deductive argument
Term
An _________________ is a deductive argument in which it is possible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true.
 Definition
invalid deductive argument
Term
A ____________ is a deductive argument that is valid and has all true premises.
 Definition
sound argument
Term
An _____________ is a deductive argument that is invalid, has one or more false premises, or both.
 Definition
unsound argument
Term
A ________________ is an inductive argument in which it is improbable that the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true.
 Definition
strong inductive argument
Term
A ________________ weak inductive argument is an argument in which the conclusion does not follow probably from the premises, even though it is claimed to.
 Definition
weak inductive argument
Term
A ___________ is an inductive argument that is strong and has all true premises.
 Definition
cogent argument
Term
An ______________ is an inductive argument that is weak, has one or more false premises, or both.
 Definition
uncogent argument
Term
For _______________________, two separate questions need to be answered: 1) Do the premises support the conclusion? 2) Are all the premises true?
 Definition
both deductive and inductive arguments
Term
The validity of a deductive argument is determined by the ______________.
 Definition
argument form
Term
Any argument that is produced by uniformly substituting terms or statements in place of the letters in an argument form is called a ______________ of that form.
 Definition
substitution instance
Term
The method using substitution instances having true premises and a false conclusion is called the _________________.
 Definition
counter-example method
Term
A _____________ is a claim that something is good, bad, right, wrong, or better or worse, more important or less important than some other thing.
 Definition
value claim
Term
A _____________ is one that allows for borderline cases in which it is impossible to tell if the expression applies or does not apply.
 Definition
vague expression
Term
An ________________ is one that can be interpreted as having more than one clearly distinct meaning in a given context.
 Definition
ambiguous expression
Term
A _________ is any word or arrangement of words that may serve as the subject of a statement; it consists of proper names, common names, and descriptive phrases.
 Definition
term
Term
An ________________ consists of the qualities or attributes that therm connotes.
 Definition
intentional meaning (intention)
Term
The ________________ consists of the members of the class that the term denotes.
 Definition
extensional meaning (extension)
Term
The _______________ of a term includes the attributes that the term commonly calls forth in the minds of competent speakers of the language.
 Definition
conventional connotation
Term
The terms "currently living dodo bird" and "current king of France," at one time denoted actual existing entities, but today all such entities have perished and are now referred to as _______________.
 Definition
empty extensions
Term
A series of terms is in the order of _______________ when each term in the series (except the first) connotes more attributes than the one preceding it.
 Definition
increasing intension
Term
A series of terms is in the order of __________________ when each term in the series (except the first) connotes less attributes than the one preceding it.
 Definition
decreasing intension
Term
A series of terms is in the order of ______________ when each term in the series (except the first) denotes a class having more members than the class denoted by the term preceding it.
 Definition
increasing extension
Term
A series of terms is in the order of ______________ when each term in the series (except the first) denotes a class having less members than the class denoted by the term preceding it.
 Definition
decreasing extension
Term
__________ is defined as a group of words that assigns a meaning to some word or group of words.
 Definition
Definition
Term
A ____________ assigns a meaning to a word for the first time.
 Definition
stipulative definition
Term
A ______________ is used to report the meaning that a word already has in a language.
 Definition
lexical definition
Term
The purpose of a _______________ is to reduce the vagueness of a word.
 Definition
precising definition
Term
A ______________ assigns a meaning to a word by suggesting a theory that gives certain characterization to the entities that the term denotes.
 Definition
theoretical definition
Term
The purpose of a _____________ is to engender a favorable or unfavorable attitude toward what is denoted by the definiendum.
Definition
persuasive definition
Term
An ______________ is one that assigns a meaning to a term by indicating the members of the class that the definiendum denotes.
 Definition
extensional (denotative) definition
Term
_______________ are probably he most primitive form of definition.
 Definition
Demonstrative (ostensive) definitions
Term
An ________________ assigns a meaning to term by naming the members of the class the term denotes.
 Definition
Enumerative definition
Term
A ________________ assigns a meaning to a term by naming subclasses of the class denoted by the term.
 Definition
definition by subclass
Term
An ________________ is one that assigns a meaning to a word by indicating the qualities or attributes that the word connotes.
 Definition
intensional definition
Term
A ______________ is one in which the definiens is a single word that connotes the same attributes as the definiendum.
 Definition
synonymous definition
Term
An ______________ assigns a meaning to a word by specifying certain experimental procedures that determine whether or not the word applies to a certain thing.
 Definition
operational definition
Term
A __________________________ assigns a meaning to a term by identifying a genus term and one or more difference words that, when combines, convey the meaning of the term being defined.
 Definition
definitions by genus and difference
Term
_________ means a relatively larger class.
 Definition
Genus
Term
___________ means a relatively smaller subclass of the genus.
 Definition
Species
Term
Philosophy is the ______ of wisdom.
 Definition
love
Term
___________ is the search for self understanding.
 Definition
Philosophy
Term
Philosophy examines the ___________ of our most basic concepts
 Definition
meanings
Term
Philosophy is a search for beliefs which are ______________.
 Definition
rationally justified
Term
Philosophy is not about what to think, but about _________________.
 Definition
how to think for ourselves
Term
A way of processing what one receives through the five senses, and a way of approaching life's big questions is a _______________.
 Definition
worldview
Term
Analyzing, Arguing and Assessing are _______________.
 Definition
the three skills of Philosophy
Term
______________ is the initial stop and think—the second glance;it makes you think what are the assumptions here? what is accepted as a given?
 Definition
Analyzing
Term
______________ helps you know if the ideas are complete, coherent, and correct.
 Definition
Assessing
Term
____________ are not shouting matches, not necessarily something one wins or loses, and are a mutual probing of ideas to see which ones withstand assessment and which do not.
 Definition
Arguments