What are the major

classifications of language?

phonology, orthography, morphology, syntax,

semantics, pragmatics, discourse

Define Morphology

the study of how a language combines its most basic elements of meaning/function to make words

Define Syntax

the study of how words combine into larger units

of language

Define Phonology

the study of how language uses single

sounds, combining phonemes into

words

Define orthography

the spelling system of a language

Define Symantics

the study of the meanings of words and comprehension of larger units of language

What is the difference between receptive and expressive language?

receptive: listening and reading (language going in)

expressive: output/speaking/writing (language going out)

Is spoken language the foundation

 for literacy?  If so why?

Yes, have to be able to orally talk before you can read and write. Have to know specifics before can read and write.

Do humans need formal instruction in how to speak? Does instruction help?

No, they usually pick it up at a young age.

Instruction helps when their is a hearing problem or if it is a new language.

Linguistics

The science of human language

Define pragmatics

the study of the use of language in conext

(social context)

Define Discourse

The structure of languge beyond the sentence level, including descriptions of the speakers intent behind the utterance (when talking to someone else) 

How many consonant sounds?

25

How many basic vowel sounds?

15

How many r-controlled vowel sounds?

3 (ar, or, er)

can be written 5 ways: (ar, or, er, ir, ur) 

About how many different phonemes are there in English?

40-46

this class 45

How many vowel combinations are there?

2: oi/oy  ou/ow

Define phonetics

the study of speech sounds in a language; the linguistic organization of consonants and vowels

Why is it important for teachers to understand components and basics of language?

We need to understand it in order to teach it and communicate it to our students. Have to be good models (they need clear, accurate, and organized information about sounds, words, and sentences) analyze student problems

Define phonological awareness

a global term that includes an awareness of sounds in words and words within sentences (the umbrella) recognizing differences of sounds in words and sentences

What are the components of phonological awareness?

phonemic awareness

rhyme awareness

word awareness

sentence awareness

isolation

Define phonemic awareness

(sounds) hearing the difference in sounds in syllables and words and then being able to manipulate them

What is the difference between phonics and phonological awareness?

phonological awareness: deals with spoken word (hear)

phonics: deals with the sounds as represented in written words (speech to print)

Define grapheme

one or more alphabet letters that are combined to represent a speech sound (letters that represent a phoneme)

Define alphabetic principle

Idea that sound has a unique symbol

Define vowel

no obstruction of air, differentiated by the shape of the oral structure, considered the "nucleus" of the syllable 4 questions

How are vowels classified? (what changes in the tongue and lips to create different vowel sounds?)

Vowels are classified according to tonque height (low/high), where the air passage is narrowed (front/back), lip shape, and tense/lax tongue status 

What is a vowel Diphthong?

a vowel sound that glides in the middle, giving the impression that the vowel has two parts (boy, shout, now)

Define a consonant

we consider the amount and type of obstruction that is used when each sound is produced

What is an aspirated sound?

A sound that is made with a puff of air leaving the mouth (p)

What are co-articulated sounds?

Co-articulated sounds are spoken together so that separate segments are not easily detected.

What is an allophone?

a sound variant of a phoneme as the /p/ is picture or spider (a sound)

How are consonants classified?

oral/nasal, manner of obstruction, voiced/unvoiced, place of obstruction

Where would you put your hand in order to feel whether a consonant is voiced (made with vocal cords) or unvoiced (voiceless)?

on the mid-part of the throat

unvoiced: k,t,p

voiced: G, D, B

How are speech sounds made?

Lips, tongue, oral cavity, throat, glottis/vocal cords

Is English a phonetic language? Explain

No, can not spell that way it is said all of the time (letter combinations are always not pronounced the same way) spelling does not always match the sounds

stop

a total obstruction- air is totally blocked, builds up, and comes out in a puff

ex the "b" in bat

((p,b,t,d,k,g)

Affricate

a combination- starts out as a stop but air is gradually released as a fricative (ch in chew)

(ch, j)

Bilabial

2 lips

(p,b, m, hw, w)

How would you indicate the sound that the letter "t" makes?

/t/

Interdental

tongue between teeth (tongue tip through teeth)

(voiced and unvoiced th)

Alveolar

tongue tip to gum ridge behind the upper teeth

(t, d, s, z, n, l)

Palatal

middle of tongue reaches up to the roof of mouth (hard palate)

(sh, zh, ch, j, y, r)

Velar

back of tongue reaches up to the soft roof of your mouth, behind the hard palate

Back of throat (k,g,ng)

Fricative

partial obstruction- air has to work through the partial blocking but is never stopped completely

ex: "f" in foot

(f,v, voiced and unvoiced th, s, z, sh, zh)

Labiodental

teeth and lower lip(s)

(f,v)

What is the difference between a stop and a continuant?

airflow is unobstructed or there may be some friction as with the pronunciation of fricatices as with /f/ or /v/

Glottal

space between the vocal chords

(h)

Define Schwa

How affect spelling?

only pronounced in unaccented syllables: it is the vowel with no idenity- it's empty

it is a problem for spelling because many children substitute the wrong cowel when writing these words.

What are the 7 classifications of sounds? (based on place of articulation)

Bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal

Define Schwa

How does it affect spelling?

only pronounced in unaccented syllables. It's the vowel with no identity- it's empty. It's a problem in spelling many children substitute the wrong vowel when writing these words.

What are Diagraphs?

Name them

two written letters, one sound

ch, ck, gh, ng, ph, sh, th, wh, wr, (sc, qu)

Phonlogical spelling error

mistakes in sound awareness

pin/pen log/long  ear/air dime/time

not hearing right

What is vowel nasalization?

How does it effect spelling?

when a vowel is spoken before a nasal consonant, that vowel is nasalized

the nasal phoneme becomes absorbed and hard to hear by the vowel

(m,n,p,t,k)

Morphological Spelling Error

errors in the meanings of words or the functions of morphemes

there/their  down/up through/in

words not used correctly in sentences

orthographic spelling errors

sight

difficulty with sight words and/or irregular words

tuff/tough

phonics related spelling errors

errors in word patterns, they spell what they hear

kuen/queen be/bee  few/flew

define Elkonian boxes

Why useful to use?

series of boxes or tiles to represent series of phonemes

They reinforce the shapes of letters for students, which facilitates reading skills, they reinforce visual discrimination skills, they can also be used in exercises that targer use of context to decided vocabulary selection.

Define onset and rime

Give an example of each

Why is it helpful for children to be able to hear onset and rime?

rime: vowel and whatever comes after it

onset: what comes before the vowel

CAT

C: onset AT: rime

Can help with spelling

How does lack of awareness of aspiration factor into this spelling error?

j vrs ch confusions

substitiution of similar sounds

Give an example of a rhyming game

tell me as many words as you can that rhyme with "car"

Why is it important to teach rhyming?

helps spelling, hearing sounds, word families, helps with sounding out words

what is one way that you can tell if a child is able to hear a phoneme?

minimal pairs

say two words, are they the same or different

give a set of minimal pairs and see if they can distinguish the difference between the phonemes in the words

Define morpheme

combination of sounds that have meaning

Define Free morpheme/function morpheme

can stand alone as words

girl, run, big, slow

but, and, so

Define bound morpheme

meaningful units only in combination with other morphemes: can't stand alone

(s,ed,est, er)

Define Affix

morpheme at the beginning or end of a base morpheme

Suffix and prefix

Inflectional Morphemes

creates a change in the function of a word- can only be a suffix

Derivational Morphemes

changes the meaning of a word- often creates new words (invited/uninvited)

Anglo-Saxon Compounds

Combining 2 or more morphemes

bittersweet

hotdog

barnyard

How do we remember words?

association: words are remembered in relation to othe words. our mind remembers best by association. Awareness of morphemes helps us make associations. also knowledge of morphemes can help us with homophones, which are words that sound the same but have different meanings

What can poor mophological skills indicate?

poor phonological skills and vice versa

Children who read poorly when tested orally witha morpheme-generated task, have a difficulty applying morphological rules to unfamiliar base words as good readers can. This is often due to difficulties in phonological processing

Why is the role of the instruction of grammar re-emerging as an important part of teaching reading and writing?

collages want it, SATs, kids not rhyming, throwing of mechanics of how kids learn. Don't understand what is missing, can't discuss problems with students if they don't know what they did

or the rules

GRR

Gradual release of Responsibility

to/with/by approach

Teacher directs, teacher models, students engage guided practice, skill practice provided ecentually done independently, additional guided practice provided if needed