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| The sound is made by pressing both lips together, as in English /p/, /b/, and /m/. |
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| The top teeth meet the bottom lip, making sounds like English /f/ and /v/. |
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| The tongue-tip is touching the back of the top-front teeth, as in French or Spanish /t/, /d/, /n/. |
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| The tongue is sticking out between the front teeth, like English ‹th› /ð/. |
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| The tongue-tip is touching the ridge behind the top-front teeth, the usual place of articulation for English /t/, /d/, /n/. |
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| An “l” like sound – air is blowing around the edges of the tongue, while the middle of the tongue is blocking the flow, as in English /l/ |
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| The flat part of the tongue is touching behind the alveolar ridge, like English ‹sh›, ‹ch›, ‹j›– /ʃ/, /ʧ/, /ʤ/. |
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| The flat part of the tongue is against the hard palate, creating a sort of “y” like flavour to the sound, as in English /y/, or Spanish /ñ/. |
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| The back of the tongue is pushing up against the soft palate, like English /k/, /g/. |
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| The uvula is the hangy-bit at the back of the throat, try pushing the back of the tongue further than for /k/; this may feel uncomfortably like choking until you get used to it. Hebrew ‹ch› is usually uvular. |
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| This sound is made by bringing the walls of the throat just below the tongue root and above the voice box closer together, it ends up sounding like a strong and raspy “h”. |
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| The glottis is the vocal cords/folds. English /h/ is glottal, as well as the break between the vowels in “uh-oh”. |
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| When two sounds occur, one right after the other – stop then fricative (see below), it is an affricate. English ‹j› can be analysed as [d] + [ʒ], but it counts as a single sound for English grammar. English ‹ts› is not an affricate, because English grammar considers this two separate sounds. ` |
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| The lips are brought into a tight circle at the same time as the sound is articulated. English ‹qu› may be thought of as a rounded /k/. |
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| No vocal cord/fold vibration occurs during the sound, like English /f/, /s/. |
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| A voiceless sound with a strong puff of air (or /h/ sound) afterwards. As in English /p/, /k/, /t/ when these sounds occur at the begining of a word. |
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| The vocal cords/folds are vibrating, causing the individual sound of ones voice. |
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A sound which completely blocks of air through the mouth, such as English /p/, /t/, /k/, /m/, /n/,
Completely impeded |
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The air is only partially blocked off, so that friction occurs, like English /f/, /s/, /h/.
Greatly impeded |
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The air is semi blocked off. English /l/, /r/, /w/, and /y/ are approximates.
Somewhat impeded |
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| The tongue is close to the top of the mouth: English /i/ /u/. |
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| The tongue is close to the bottom of the mouth: English /a/, /ɑ/ . |
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| The tongue is half way from the top to the bottom: English /e/, /o/. |
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| The back of the tongue is shaping the vowel as either high or low: English /ɑ/, /o/ |
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| The middle of the tongue is shaping the vowel as either high or low: English /a/, /ʌ/ |
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| For vowels, nasal means that the air is passing through the nose, not the mouth. |
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| What are the three airstream mechanisms? |
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Definition
| Pulmonic, Glottalic, Velaric |
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| Larynx and walls of pharynx |
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| Tongue back and tongue body |
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| Which airstream mechanism is used the most in English? |
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| What are the four resonant cavities? |
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| Oral, Nasal, Labial, Pharyngeal |
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