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Lifespan Final
Ch 1-18
151
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
05/12/2008

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
accommodation
Definition
modify existing to allow for new
Term
activating effect
Definition
when hormones have a passing, non permanent affect
Term
organizing effects
Definition
developed early
permanent
Term
active vs. passive theories
Definition
piaget - active child, active environment
vygotsky - active child, passive environment
Term
assimilation
Definition
interpret new in terms of existing
Term
3 SUbtypes of ADHD
Definition
Inattention
hyperactivity
impulsivity
Term
adolescent egocentrism
Definition
you're the star of the show
Term
imaginary audience
Definition
believing one's thoughts = other's thoughts
Term
personal fable
Definition
believing own thoughts are special or unique
Term
invincibility fable
Definition
happens to others but not to me
Term
age norms
Definition
what is expected at a certain age
Term
age of viability
Definition
age a child can survive out of womb
24-25 weeks
Term
AIDS transmission
Definition
1. uterus
2. birth
3. nursing
Term
animism
Definition
thinking everything is alive
Term
amniocentesis
Definition
needle inserted in the abdomen and a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn
Term
androgynous personality
Definition
high mas/high fem
Term
anoxia
Definition
no oxygen, sedatives, mucus in baby's system
Term
APGAR Test
Definition
what to look for when a baby is born

activity
pulse
grimace
appearance
respiratory
Term
Army Alpha Test
Definition
for those who could speak english (pen and paper)
abandoned after WWI --> average mental age was 13.8
Term
baby biography
Definition
scholars carefully observed the growth and development of their own children and published their findings
Term
babbling
Definition
starts around 4 months
repeat consonant-vowel combinations such as baba or dadada
Term
primary circular reaction
Definition
repeating of a n interesting noise for the pleasure of making it
Term
bayley scales
Definition
measure of motor and mental development (what they do at certain stages)
Term
binet intelligence test (+stanford additions)
Definition
Terman & Binet
intelligence test that would show normal or below normal intelligence
Term
germinal stage
Definition
lasts two weeks, fertilization, implant in uterus
Term
embryonic stage
Definition
3-8 weeks, it is an embryo, amnion chorion placenta umbilical cord develop, most structures and organs are present
Term
fetal stage
Definition
9 weeks to birth
all other tissues and important things form
Term
brain growth spurt
Definition
The brain growth spurt is the fastest and most critical stage of brain development. The brain growth spurt occurs near the middle of pregnancy and ends between a child's 2nd and 3rd birthday. See how rapidly the brain cells multiply during the brain growth spurt:
Term
braxton-hicks contractions
Definition
can be mistaken for labor
Term
brazelton neonatal assessment scale
Definition
26 categories on the scale that they look for in neotatal categories
Term
doula
Definition
lay person to assist woman with childbirth, encourager
Term
Carolina Abecedarian Project
Definition
Ramey - early intervention is crutial

higher cognitive test scores due to enhanced language development
higher academic achievement in both reading and mathematics
more likely to attend college
later childbearing.
The project concluded that high quality, educational childcare from early infancy was therefore of utmost importance.
Term
case study
Definition
studied individuals and longitudinal approaches, naturalistic observations, asked questions
Term
cephalocaudal
Definition
head develops 1st and rest of body develops after
during puberty feet and legs spurt first
Term
chorionic villus biopsy
Definition
inserting catheter through vagina and cervix to the chorion that surrounds the fetus and extracts tiny hair cells from the chorion that contains genetic material from the fetus
Term
circular reactions
Definition
primary (1-4 months) - sucking thumb thinking it will give milk
secondary (4-8 months) - searching for things to put in mouth
coordination of secondary reactions - (8-12m) - gazing, reaching
tertiary (12-18m) - little scientist
internalizations of schemes (18-25m) - beginning of thought
Term
class inclusion
Definition
knows subclass is part of a whole
Term
classical conditioning, terms and concept
Definition
simple form of learning in which a stimulus that initially had no effect on the individual comes to elicit a response through its association with a stimulus that already elicits the response
Term
co-dominance
Definition
2 genes that have equal dominant influence
Term
cognitive development (piaget)
Definition
Infant – 2 years old = behavioral, e.g. reflexes
Sensorimotor stage
2-7 years old = symbolic → language
Pre-operational stage
< 7 years old = logical operation, i.e., action in head
Concrete operation (7-11)
Formal operations (<11)
Term
cognitive theories of moral development
Definition
pre-moral - children are not moral beings
heteronomous - 6-10 yrs take rules seriously
autonomous - 10 or 11 realize rules are agreements
Term
cohort
Definition
group of ppl all born at same time
Term
cohort effect
Definition
two cohorts develop differently but end up similarly
Term
collective monologue
Definition
look as if children are having a conversation but they are talking to themselves
Term
concordance rate
Definition
if one out of the pair has a certain gene, what is the percentage that the other in the pair will have that gene also
Term
conflict resolution styles
Definition
accommodation
avoidance
domination
compromise
***integration***
Term
consious (freud)
Definition
current awareness
surface
Term
sub conscious (freud)
Definition
just below surface and easy to retrieve
Term
unconscious (freud)
Definition
well below surface
drives behavior
Term
conservation
Definition
when a child realizes that certain properties of an object or substance don't change when its appearance is altered in some superficial way
Term
cooing
Definition
6-8 weeks
repeating vowel like sounds such as ooooh and aaaah , they do it when happy
Term
correlation
Definition
measuring and seeing what variable do in relation to one another
Term
critical period
Definition
specific time frame that exact right things must happen for things to turn out correctly
Term
cross sectional design
Definition
study age groups instead of keeping up with separate individuals for years on end
Term
crossing over
Definition
lots of variation when cells split
Term
cumulative-deficit hypothesis
Definition
poor environment that doesn't encourage mental growth - reoccurring cycle
Term
death (definition)
Definition
irreversible loss of functioning in entire brain

1. no response to stimuli
2. no movement for 1 hr; no breathing for 3 min off ventilator
3. no reflexes
4. flat EEG
Term
deferred imitation
Definition
the ability to imitate a novel act after a delay
Term
down syndrome
Definition
chromosomal abnormalities: trisomy 21
increased chance if mother is older
Term
stages of dying
Definition
denial and isolation (not me)
anger (why me)
bargaining (okay, me. But...)
Depressing (focusing on current and future loss)
acceptance (calm, at peace)
Term
elaboration
Definition
actively creating meaningful links between items to be remembered
Term
ethical guidelines for research
Definition
informed consent
debriefing
subjects kept out of harm
confidentiality
Term
euthanasia (passive & active)
Definition
active - mercy killing
passive - talking someone off respirator who would die anyway
Term
Feurstein's L-PAD
Definition
learning potential assessment device

assesses ability to learn new things, also for training
Term
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Definition
a set of linguistic processing skills that nativists believe to be innate; presumably the LAD enables a child to infer the rules governing other's speech and then use these rules to produce language
Term
genotype
Definition
the genetic endowment that an individual inherits
Term
genotype/environment interaction
Definition
passive genotype/environment - can't do anything about the genes we have
evocative genotype/environment - evoke response from people by behavior
active genotype/environment - you create environment because your genes give you certain abilities and traits
Term
"goodness of fit"
Definition
the extent to which the child's temperament and the demands of the child's social environment are compatible or mesh
Term
habituation
Definition
a simple form of learning that involves learning not to respond to a repeated stimulus
Term
holophrase
Definition
a single word utterance used by an infant that represents an entire sentence's worth of meaning
Term
HOME
Definition
Home observation for measure of the environment

a widely used instrument that allows an observer to determine how intellectually stimulating or impoverished environment
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
part of nervous system not endocrine system
Term
Identity Status - Marcia
Definition
individual has resolved her identity crisis and made commitments to particular goals
Term
incomplete dominance
Definition
red blood cells are the dominant and sickle cells are the recessive
Term
infant temperament
Definition
possible genetic
Term
Klinefelter syndrome
Definition
males inherit two or more X chromosomes (XXY or XXXY)
Term
Lamaze method
Definition
natural childbirth w/o anesthetic
Term
life expectancy
Definition
76.5 years in US
2003 --> 75.5
Term
stages of language development
Definition
cry
cooing
add consonants
babbling
holophrases
telegraphic speech
Term
mediation deficiency
Definition
we don't have the necessary cognitive skills to do it
Term
production deficiency
Definition
with coaching they can do it
Term
metalinguistic awareness
Definition
knowledge of language as a system
Term
moral development (affective component)
Definition
we all have feelings involving what's right and wrong
Term
Mourning (Parks-Bowlby)
Definition
Numbness
Yearning
Disorganized
Reorganization
Term
myelin
Definition
fatty sheath that insulates neural axons and thereby speeds the transmission of neural impulses
Term
naturalistic observation
Definition
a research method in which the scientist observes people as they engage in common everyday activates in their natural habits
Term
negative reinforcement
Definition
process in operant conditioning in which a response is strengthened or made more probably when its consequences is the removal of an unpleasant stimulus from the situation
Term
normative transitions
Definition
you will loose your parents at some point
Term
non-normative transitions
Definition
if child's death comes before the patents
Term
object permanence
Definition
knowing an object continues to exist when they are no longer visible or otherwise detectable to the senses
Term
concrete operational thinking
Definition
child begins to think logically. Operations are associated with personal experience. Operations are in concrete situation, but not in abstract manipulation.


Concrete operations allow children to classify several classes into a bigger group or to combine a number of classes in any order. Although objects are moved or reordered, no change takes place.
Term
formal operational thinking
Definition
They are able to deal with propositions that explain concrete facts. They have the ability to use planning to think ahead.

Increase their ability to think abstractly. They can solve complex and hypothetical problems involving abstract operations.

Formal operational thinkers can recognize and identify a problem. They can state several alternative hypotheses, execute procedures to collect information about the problems to be studied, and test the hypotheses.
Term
over-regularization
Definition
overgeneralization of observed grammatical rules to irregular cases to which the rules do not apply
Term
parentese
Definition
talking in language like talk in
Term
permissive parenting styles
Definition
few demands, little control over behavior
Term
authoritarian
Definition
restrictive, many rules with little explanation
Term
authoritative
Definition
more flexible, clear cut enforced rules
Term
partial reinforcement
Definition
reward occasionally so the behavior will continue
Term
perception (methods of studying/researching)
Definition
interpretation of sensory information

looking chamber to see what kids are looking at
Term
perception, visual development in infants
Definition
visual cliff (gibson)
as early as 2 months
Term
personality development stages
Definition
Trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame, doubt
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Integrity vs.Despair
Term
Phenotype
Definition
behavioral and physical characteristics that are product of the genes

physical characteristics resulting from one's genotype
Term
phonology
Definition
the sound system of a language and the rules for combining these sounds to produce meaningful units of speech
Term
pituitary gland
Definition
endocrine system - release hormones into blood
Term
PKU
Definition
genetic disorder in which the child is unable to metabolize phenylalanine; if left untreated; it soon causes hyperactivity and mental retardation
Term
placenta
Definition
organ, formed from the chorion and the lining of the uterus, that provides for the nourishment of the unborn child and the elimination of its metabolic wastes
Term
plasticity vs degeneration
Definition
degeneration and plasticity take place throughout the lifetime because we can't grow any new cells but our brain has many cells that undergo a sculpting process (degeneration) to form what we need
Term
polygenetic inheritance
Definition
multiple genes which make a trait more powerful
Term
positive reinforcement
Definition
process in operant condition whereby a response is strengthened when its consequences is pleasant event
Term
pragmatics
Definition
rules specifying how language is to be used appropriately in different social contexts to achieve goals
Term
germinal stage
Definition
lasts 2 weeks, fertilization, implant in the uterus
Term
embryonic
Definition
3-8 weeks, it is an embryo, amnion chorion placenta umbilical
cord develop, most structures and organs are present
Term
fetal
Definition
9 months - birth

all other tissues and important things form
Term
presbyopia
Definition
loss of near vision
Term
private speech
Definition
nonsocial speech, or speech of the self, used by preschoolers, Vygotsky to the forerunner of inner speech or silent thinking in words
Term
proximodistal principle
Definition
develop from inside out
Term
psychodynamic approach
Definition
theoretical perspective associated with Freud that emphasizes unconscious motivations for behavior, conflicts within the personality and stages of psychosexual development
Term
psychometrics
Definition
research tradition that spawned standardized tests of intelligence and that views of intelligence as a trait or a set of traits that can be measured and that varies from person to person
Term
retardation levels
Definition
mild: 52-70
moderate: 35-51
severe: 20-34
profound: below 19
Term
relativistic thinking
Definition
absolutist "only one truth"
Term
rubber-band hypothesis
Definition
range of reaction genotype are vulnerable to environment. we are rubber band. environment determines how far we are stretched.

We are all born with different sized rubber bands (potential intelligence). These bands can be stretched. Large bands can be stretched further than small bands, but small stretched bands are longer than unstretched `big' bands.
First-borns and only children have higher intelligence, and academic performance.
Intellectual climate of home is a function of family size and position in the family (Zajonc).
Term
genotype/environment interaction
Definition
passive - we can't do anything about it
evocative - you evoke a response from people
active - you create your environment
Term
secular trend
Definition
tendency for menarche to reach menarche earlier
Term
self concept
Definition
peoples perception of their unique attributes or traits
Term
self esteem
Definition
peoples overall evaluation of their worth based on an assessment of the qualities that make up self concept
Term
self efficacy
Definition
sense that they can do things, they can make a difference
Term
semantics
Definition
aspect of language centering on meanings
Term
sensory threshold changes w/ age
Definition
the point at which low levels of stimulation can be detected
Term
sequential design
Definition
longitudinal and cross sectional
three potential patterns of results
* cohort effect and age effect
Term
age effect
Definition
two cohorts develop similarly
Term
cohort effect
Definition
two cohorts develop differently but end up similarity
Term
female chromosome pattern
Definition
XX
Term
sex linked inheritance of traits
Definition
situation when we have a recessive gene on the X chromosome. X chromosome is much bigger
Term
short term memory
Definition
memory store in which limited amounts of information are temporarily held
Term
long term memory
Definition
information that has been examined and interpreted is stored relatively permanently
Term
syntax
Definition
rules specifying how words can be combined to form meaningful sentences in a language
Term
telegraphic speech
Definition
early sentences that consist primarily of content words and omit the less meaningful parts of speech as articles...
Term
effect stress on pregnant rats has on babies
Definition
causes babies to behave differently than their gender
Term
size constancy
Definition
tendency to perceive an object as the same size despite changes in its distance from the eyes
Term
teratogens
Definition
any disease drug or other environmental agent that can harm a developing fetus
Term
thalidomide
Definition
a mild tranquilizer that taken early in pregnancy can produce a variety of malformations of the limbs, eyes, ears
Term
zygote
Definition
neutral then the U chromosome will sned a message that will determine sex of infant
Term
upper limit of proximal development
Definition
level of additional responsibility child can accept with assistance of an able instructor
Term
lower limit of proximal development
Definition
tasks too difficult for children to master alone, level of problem solving reached on these takes by child working alone
Term
turners syndrome
Definition
neither XX nor XY, its XO, can't have kids, smaller people
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