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Lifespan Development
Exam 3
131
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
11/14/2011

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Term
puberty
Definition
period of rapid change and sexual maturation
Term
puberty is characterized by (5)
Definition
-rapid excelleration in growth
-primary sex characteristics
-secondary sex characteristics
-changes in body composition
-changes in circulatory and respiratory systems
Term
puberty is a ______ sequence for boys, _______ for girls.
Definition
regular
less regular
Term
menarche happens _____ in the female puberty sequence
Definition
late
Term
_____ are fertile before they look like adults. the opposite is true of ____.
Definition
boys
girls
Term
hormones (defined)
Definition
highly specialized chemical substances secreted by the endocrine system
Term
the three parts of the endocrine system
Definition
hypothalmus
pituitary
gonads
Term
sex hormones (2, example for each)
Definition
estrogen (estradial)
androgen (testosterone)
Term
estrogen and androgen are both present in ________ before puberty.
Definition
boys AND girls
Term
for girls, estrogen increases ____ with puberty
Definition
by 4x
Term
for boys, testosterone increases _____ with puberty
Definition
by 10x
Term
what do hormones do? (3)
Definition
trigger physical development
trigger psychological development
trigger behavior changes
Term
leptin
Definition
a protein produced by fat cells, increased amounts may be a trigger for puberty
Term
factors that can delay the onset of puberty (5)
Definition
excessive thinness
excessive excersize
deficiencies
nutritional
illness
stress
Term
physical changes that occur during puberty (4)
Definition
adolescent growth spurt
peak height velocity
asynchronicity
body composition changes
Term
timing of puberty
Definition
age at which puberty begins
Term
tempo of puberty
Definition
rate at which maturation occurs
Term
onset of puberty in girls begins at ____ years of age
Definition
7-13
Term
onset of puberty in boys begins at ____ years of age
Definition
9.5-13.5
Term
length of puberty in girls is generally _____ years
Definition
1.5-6
Term
length of puberty in boys is generally ____ years
Definition
2-5
Term
early maturing boys are (4)
Definition
taller & stronger
more popular/confident
more likely to misbehave
more likely to throw temper tantrum
Term
late maturing boys are (4)
Definition
childish
less popular/more likely to be bullied
low in self-esteem
high in intellectual curiosity/social initiative (later in life)
Term
early maturing girls have/are (4)
Definition
lower achievement academially
more problem behaviors
less popular/more withdrawn
more emotional difficulties
Term
late maturing girls are/have (3)
Definition
more likely to go to college
less problem behaviors
less emotional difficulties
Term
___ of girls have an eating disorder
Definition
1/4
Term
___ of people with e.d. are female
Definition
90%
Term
untreated eating disorders have a death rate between ____and____ percent
Definition
10
20
Term
anorexia nervosa
Definition
relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation
Term
people with anorexia nervosa have (3)
Definition
a weight thats 85% less than normal
an intense fear of gaining weight
a distorted body image
Term
bulemia nervosa
Definition
individual consistently follows a binge/purge pattern
Term
people with bulemia nervosa have (3)
Definition
episodes twice a week for 3 weeks
a normal weight sometimes
a preoccupation w/food
Term
changes in the brain during adolescence (5)
Definition
pruning synapses
increase dopamine
decrease seratonin
maturing prefrontal cortex
amygdala and hippocampus increase in volume
Term
six major changes in cognition during adolescence
Definition
thinking about possibilities
thinking about abstract concepts
metacognition
thinking in multiple dimensions
adolescent relitivism
decision making
Term
thinking about possibilities implies the ability to (4)
Definition
move between specific and abstract
generate alternative possibilities
use hypothetical-deductive reasoning
take perspective
Term
thinking about abstract concepts implies the ability to (3)
Definition
understand higher-order abstract logic
show growth of social thinking
show increased interest in relationships/politics/religion
Term
metacognition
Definition
monitering one's own cognitive activities during the process of thinking (thinking about thinking)
Term
adolescent egocentrism (2 examples)
Definition
imaginary audience (self-consciousness)
personal fable (unique/invincible)
Term
thinking in multiple dimensions
Definition
the ability to see things in more complicated ways, with more sophisticated understanding of probability, and understanding sarcasm
Term
adolescent relativism
Definition
ability to see things as relative rather than black or white, may think everything is certain or nothing is reliable
Term
behavioral decision making theory (5)
Definition
identify alternative choice
indentify consequences of each
evaluate desirability of each consequence
assess liklihood of each consequences
combine all info & make decision
Term
misconceptions about adolescents and families (4)
Definition
large generational gap
adolescents&parents disagree about everything
adolescents hate their parents
adolescence is a time of great family conflict
Term
why do parents and adolescents fight? (5)
Definition
biological development-adolescents are bigger
cognitive developement-adolescents challenge right&wrong
different tastes
define issues differently
disagree about range/pace of autonomy
Term
adolescent identity crisis
Definition
first substantial restructuring of the individual self
Term
identity v. identity diffusion--erikson
Definition
establishing a clear and definite sense of who you are OR failure to do so/form negative identity
Term
key areas of identity v. identity diffusion (3)
Definition
love (personal relationships)
work (occupation)
ideology (beliefs/values)
Term
in eriksons adolescent stage, identity is formed through...
Definition
interactions with others and by integrating parts of loved ones' behaviors and attitudes into their personality
Term
psychosocial moratorium
Definition
a description of the idea that during adolescence, adult reponsibilities are postponed as youth try on various possible selves
Term
with the psychosocial moratorium ____ will be lost
Definition
potential
Term
identity achievement
Definition
a coherent sense of identity (commitment and exploration)
Term
identity foreclosure
Definition
commitment w/o exploration
Term
identity diffusion
Definition
no commitments or attempts for them
Term
in adolescence, youth first recognize _____ and _____
Definition
prejudice
stereotypes
Term
strong ethnic identity equals
Definition
higher self-esteem
Term
racial socialization
Definition
process through which parents attempt to teach their children about thier ethnic identity
Term
three factors of racial socialization
Definition
understanding one's culture
getting along with mainstream society
dealing with racism
Term
Phinney's four types of minorities
Definition
assimilated
marginal
seperated
bicultural
Term
assimilated minorities
Definition
try to adoptthe majority culture's norms and standards while rejecting one's own ethnic group
Term
marginal minorities
Definition
live within the majority culture but feel estranged and outcast
Term
seperated minorities
Definition
associate only with members of one's own culture and rejecting the majority culture
Term
bicultural minorities
Definition
maintain ties to both majority and minority cultures
Term
self esteem
Definition
how the individual feels about him/her self (low in adolescents)
Term
self-consciousness
Definition
how much an individual worries about their self image (high in adolescence)
Term
self-image stability
Definition
how much self-image changes from day to day (variable in adolescence)
Term
_____ have lower self esteem than _____
Definition
girls
boys
Term
adolescence begins in ______ and ends in ______
Definition
biology
culture
Term
three "requirements" for transitioning to adulthood
Definition
full time employment
economic independence
accepting responsibility/consequences
Term
reason the transition to adulthood is being delayed (4)
Definition
increase in people getting long educations
declining economy
shift in attitudes toward children
delayed adult roles
Term
boomerang generation
Definition
college grads who go back to live with their parents while seeking economic independence
Term
emerging adulthood occurs between ___&___ years
Definition
18
25
Term
emerging adulthood is the most ______ period of life
Definition
unstable
Term
age of identity explorations (E.A.)
Definition
no longer live at home+not yet obligated to a family=freedom to explore options
Term
during emerging adulthood, how are love&work, and worldviews effected
Definition
-explorations become more serious and focused
-exposed to a wide variety of worldviews
Term
age of instability (E.A.)
Definition
young adults are moving around a lot
Term
self focused age (E.A.)
Definition
no longer reliable on parents, not yet committed to stable adult roles=focus on your self
Term
age of feeling in-between (E.A.)
Definition
neither feeling like an adolescent or an adult
Term
age of positivity (E.A.)
Definition
many future possibilities exist and little about one's life is decided for certain. optimism
Term
emerging adulthood is the _____ time in the life span
Definition
healthiest
Term
peak age of physical performance
Definition
19-26
Term
___ of US adults are obese or overweight
Definition
60%
Term
factors contributing to obesity (5)
Definition
heredity
leptin
environment
lack of excercise
dieting
Term
about ____ of 21y.o. engage in binge drinking (5 or more in a row)
Definition
40%
Term
addiction (3)
Definition
overwhelming involvement w/using a drug & securing its supply
physical dependence
withdrawal
Term
disease model of addiction
Definition
addiction is lifelong and biologicall based
Term
life process model of addiction
Definition
addiction is a habitual response to social contexts
Term
piaget: adult cog. dev.
Definition
people only quantitatively advance over adolescents
Term
schaie: adult cog. dev.
Definition
adults progress in use of intellect
Term
perry: adult cog. dev.
Definition
in adulthood dualistic/absolute thinking becomes reflective/relativistic thinking
Term
creativity peaks in _______
Definition
adulthood (30s)
Term
flow
csikszentmihalyi
Definition
in the zone
Term
like infants w/ their mothers, adult use their romantic partners as a...
Definition
secure base
Term
child attachment style is indicative of _________ in adulthood
Definition
relationship pattern
Term
two dimensions of adult attachment
Definition
attachment related anxiety
attachment related avoidance
Term
in one study, ___ of adults changed attachment styles from childhood
Definition
30%
Term
securely attached adult
Definition
provides realistic, coherent descriptions of childhood and understand how their past imapcts current life (50-60%)
Term
insecure-dismissing adult
Definition
do not want to focus on their childhood, may only focus on negative memories (25-30%)
Term
insecure-preoccupied adult
Definition
readily talk about shildhood, but seem incoherent and disorganized. unadle to move beyond childhood issues (15%)
Term
consensual validation
Definition
the perceived validation of one's own views when with someone else who shares the same views (date someone like you)
Term
matching hypothesis
Definition
people are attracted to people who have the same attributes as one another (date someone with equal physical attractiveness)
Term
intimacy v. isolation--erikson
Task:
Definition
forming an intimate relationship with others after acheiving a stable and successful identity
Term
intimacy--erikson
Definition
finding yourself yet losing youself in someone else
Term
isolation--erikson
Definition
inability to develop meaningful relationships, may lead to loneliness
Term
sternbergs theory of love
Definition
3 qualities of love combine to form seven different forms of love
Term
sternberg's 3 qualities of love
Definition
passion
intimacy
commitment
Term
sternberg's 7 forms of love
Definition
liking
infatuation
empty love
romantic love
compassionate love
fatuous love
consumate love
Term
passion--sternberg
Definition
physical attraction and desire
Term
intimacy--sternberg
Definition
feelings of closeness and emotional attachment
Term
commitment--sternberg
Definition
pledge to love someone in the long run
Term
Sternberg:
liking= ____+____
Definition
initmacy
nothing
Term
Sternberg:
infatuation= ____+____
Definition
passion
nothing
Term
Sternberg:
empty love= ____+____
Definition
commitment
nothing
Term
Sternberg:
romantic love= ____+____
Definition
passion
intimacy
Term
Sternberg:
compassionate love= ____+____
Definition
intimacy
commitment
Term
Sternberg:
fatuous love= ____+____
Definition
passion commitment
Term
Sternberg:
consumate love= ____+____+____
Definition
passion
commitment
intimacy
Term
stages of the family lifecycle theory (6)
Definition
launching
new couple
become parents/family w/young children
family w/adolescents
family at mid-life
family in later life
Term
___ of american adults will get married
Definition
95%
Term
average age of marriage has been steadily increasing for the past ___.
what is it now?
Definition
50yrs
27 for men and 25 for women
Term
less than ____ of household are w/married couples
Definition
1/2
Term
___ of all marriages end in divorce.
the statistic is much lower for _____.
Definition
50%
first marriages
Term
myths of marriage (4)
Definition
avoiding conflict will ruin your marriage
affairs are the main cause of divorce
men are not biologically inclined for marriage
men and women are from different planets
Term
john gottman: what makes marriages work? (7)
Definition
establishing "love maps"
nurturing fondness and admiration
turning toward eachother instead of away
letting your partner influence you
solving solvable conflicts
overcoming gridlock
creating shared meaning
Term
benefits of a happy marriage (2)
Definition
health (mental&physical)
longer life expectancy
Term
marriage benefits ____ more than ____
Definition
men
women
Term
____ of household have single adults
Definition
50%
Term
cohabiting
Definition
living together in a sexual relationship
Term
___ of couples cohabit before marriage
Definition
60%
Term
___ of adults are divorced, and have not remarried
Definition
10%
Term
divorced individuals that do not remarry may be at risk for...(2)
Definition
psychological
phsycial difficulties
Term
remariages are at higher risk for _____
Definition
divorce
Term
gay and lesbian couples are ______ heterosexual coupels
Definition
similar to
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