Term
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Definition
Most Influential neo-Freudian
Differences with Freud:
-Less emphasis on sexual urges
-More emphasis on rational urges
-more postivie and adaptive view of human nature
-believed development continues through adulthood
Focused on conflicts that occur through a person's lifetime
Emphasized:
-social influenceds
-rational ego
-life-span development
Crisis-oriented stages result from
-Maturational forces
-Social demandsInfants must learn to trust their caregivers to meet their needs
responsvie parenting is critical
Postive outcome: Trust
Negative outcome: Suspicion and insecurity |
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Term
| Trust Vs. Mistrust (birth-1) |
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Definition
Infants must learn to trust their caregivers to meet their needs
responsvie parenting is critical
Postive outcome: Trust
Negative outcome: Suspicion and insecurity |
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Term
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Definition
Children must learn to be autonomous-to assert their wills and do things for themselves-or they will doubt their ability
Positive outcome: sense of autonomy, self-esteem
Negative outcome: shame and self doubt |
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Term
| Initiative vs. guilt (3-6) |
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Definition
Preschoolers develop initiative by devising and carrying out bold plans, but they must leran not to impinge on the rights of others
Postivie outcome: initiates activites
Negative outcome: fear of punishment, guilt feelings |
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Term
Industry vs. inferiority (6-12)
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Definition
Children must master important social and academic skills and keep up with their peers; otherwise they will feel inferior
Postive outcome: competence and achievement
Negative outcome: fear of punishment, guilt feelings |
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Term
| Indentity vs. role confusion (12-20) |
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Definition
Adolescents ask who they are and must establish social and vocational identities; otherwise they will remain confused about the roles they should play as adults
Postive outcome:strong personal identity
Negative outcome: confusion |
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Term
| Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-40) |
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Definition
Young adults seek to form a shared identity with another person but may fear intimacy and experience loneliness and isolation
Postive outcome: strong personal identity
Negative outcome: confusion |
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Term
| Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65) |
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Definition
Middle-aged adults must feel that they are producing something that will outlive them, either as parents or as workers; otherwise, they will become stagnant and self-centered
Positive outcome: wider outlook
Negative outcome: boredom and self-involvement |
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Term
| Integrity vs. despair (65 and older) |
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Definition
Middle-aged adults must feel that they are producing something that will outlive them, either as parents or as workers; otherwise, they will become stagnant and self-centered
Positive outcome: satisfaction and self-acceptance
Negative outcome: regrets and fear of death |
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Term
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Definition
Easier to accept than Freud's
Useful descriptions of human personality
More social than sex
Adulthood
Flexible - with the stages and the ages that they occur
Focuses on identity |
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Term
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Definition
Too vague
Difficult to test
No explanation of development |
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