Term
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Definition
| pattern of movement or change that begins at conception & continues through the human life span. |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, little to no change in adulthood, and decline in old age. |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasizes developmental change throughout childhood and adulthood. |
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Term
| Eight Characteristics of the Life-Span Perspective |
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Definition
-Lifelong
-Multidimensional
-Multidirectional
-Plastic
-Multidisciplinary as a science
-Contextual
-Growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss
-Construction of biology, culture, and the individual |
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Term
| Normative age-graded Influences |
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Definition
| Describes influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group. |
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Term
| Normative history-graded Influences |
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Definition
| Describes influences common to individuals of a particular generation because of historical circumstances. |
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Term
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Definition
| Average number of years that a person can expect to live. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unusual events that have a major impact on an individuals life. |
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Term
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Definition
| The behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group that are passed on from generation to generation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Comparisons of one culture with one or more other cultures. These provide information about the degree to which children's development is similar, or universal, across cultures, and to the degree to which it is culture-specific. |
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Term
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Definition
| A characteristic based on cultural heritage, nationality, race, religion, and language. |
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Term
| Socioeconomic Status (SES) |
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Definition
| Refers to a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the characteristics of people as males or females. |
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Term
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Definition
| The laws, regulations, and government programs designed to promote the welfare of its citizens. |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in an individual's physical nature. |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language. |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in an individual's relationships with other people, emotions, and personality. |
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Term
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Definition
-Conception to birth (40 weeks)
-Tremendous growth |
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Term
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Definition
-Birth to 18-24 months
-Dependent on adults
-Development of many psychological activities |
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Term
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Definition
-End of infancy to 5-6 years
-Self sufficiency and increased play |
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Term
| Middle and Late Childhood Period |
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Definition
-6-11 years
-Focus on achievement and self control
-Learn school related activities |
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Term
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Definition
-10-12 through 18-22 years
-Rapid physical change
-Pursue independence and identity |
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Term
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Definition
-Late teens to early 30s
-Personal and financial independence
-Find a mate |
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Term
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Definition
-40-60 years
-Social involvement and responsibility
-Assisting the next generation |
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Term
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Definition
-60-70s to death
-Life review
-Adjustment to new social roles |
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Term
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Definition
| We are a product of our genes and evolution. (Biology) |
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Term
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Definition
| We are a product of our upbringing and social environments. (Environment) |
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Term
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Definition
| Traits and characteristics are the result of heredity and early life experiences (0-3 years) |
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Term
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Definition
| Traits and characteristics an change as a result of later life experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process of gradual cumulative change (ex: puppy to dog) |
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Term
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Definition
| Set of distinct stages (ex: caterpillar to butterfly) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Conceptualize a problem or process to be studied
2. Collect data
3. Analyze data
4. Draw conclusions |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of ideas that help to explain phenomena and make predictions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specific assertion or prediction to be tested. |
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Term
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Definition
-Describe development as mostly unconscious
-Early experiences shape behavior, especially parents
-Must analyze symbolic meaning of behavior to truly understand. |
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Term
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Definition
| Known as the psychosexual stages. If the need for pleasure at any stage is either under-gratified or over-gratified, an individual may become fixated at that stage of development. |
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Term
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Definition
(Birth to 1 1/2 years)
-Infants pleasure centers on the mouth. |
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Term
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Definition
(1 1/2 to 3 years)
-Child's pleasure focuses on the anus. |
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Term
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Definition
(3 to 6 years)
-Child's pleasure focuses on the genitals |
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Term
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Definition
(6 years to puberty)
-Child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills. |
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Term
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Definition
(Puberty onward)
-A time of sexual reawakening; source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside the family. |
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Term
| Erikson's Psychosocial Theory |
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Definition
| Took Freud's theory and applied it to social development. Contains the eight stages on man. |
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Term
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Definition
#1 (Infancy, first year)
-Infancy's trust in their parent. |
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Term
| Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt |
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Definition
#2 (Infancy, 1-3 years)
-Infants begin to explore behavior on own.
-Start to assert sense of independence.
-Will develop sense of shame and doubt if punished too much or too harshly. |
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Term
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Definition
#3 (Early childhood, preschool 3-5 years)
-Acquire responsible behavior.
-Feelings of guilt may arise if child is irresponsible or feels to anxious. |
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Term
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Definition
#4 (Middle and Late childhood, elementary school years 6-puberty)
-Children direct knowledge to master a skill at intellectual level.
-Feels incompetent and unproductive if they feel a sense of inferiority. |
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Term
| Identity vs. Identity Confusion |
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Definition
#5 (Adolescence, 10-20 years)
-If child arrives at a positive path in life they gain a sense of identity. |
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Term
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Definition
#6 (Early Adulthood, 20s & 30s)
-Task of forming intimate relationships.
-If intimacy is not found, child goes into isolation. |
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Term
| Generativity vs. Stagnation |
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Definition
#7 (Middle Adulthood, 40s & 50s)
-Helping the younger generation to develop and lead useful lives.
-Stagnation occurs if feeling of having done noting arrises. |
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Term
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Definition
#8 (Late Adulthood, 60s-onward)
-Integrity reached if when looking back on life it has been successful.
-Despair felt if life was not well spent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Development is a function of changes in thinking. |
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Term
| Piaget's Cognitive Theory |
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Definition
-Conscious thought
-Process of adaptation and assimilation
-Four Stages of Cognitive Development in children |
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Term
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Definition
(1-2)
-Overt Actions
-Object Permanence |
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Term
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Definition
(2-7)
-Egocentrism
-Rigidity of thought
-Semi-logical Reasoning
-Limited Social Cognition |
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Term
| Concrete Operational Stage |
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Definition
(7-11)
-Application of Mental Operations (limited to concrete objects) |
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Term
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Definition
(11-15)
-Thought is abstract, logical, and flexible |
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Term
| Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory |
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Definition
-Children actively construct their knowledge
-Emphasize how social interactions and culture guide cognitive development
-Less skilled learn from those who are more skilled (apprenticeship) |
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Term
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Definition
-Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: abnormalities in the newborn due to the mother's use of alcohol during pregnancy
-Facial deformities, defective limbs, face, heart
-Most have below-average intelligence, some are mentally retarded. |
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Term
| Information Processing Theory |
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Definition
-Individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it
-Develop gradually increasing capacity for processing information
-Individuals learn strategies for better information processing |
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Term
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Definition
-Can negatively influence prenatal development, birth, and postnatal development.
-Preterm birth and low birth weight
-Fetal and neonatal death, respiratory problems, SIDS, ADHD. |
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Term
| Incompatible Blood Type (Rh factor) |
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Definition
| Can cause mother's blood to create antibodies to attack the fetus. |
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Term
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Definition
-Development is an observable behavior
-Experience effects development. |
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Term
| Skinner's Operant Conditioning |
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Definition
-Consequences of behavior determine the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.
-Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior
-Punishment decreases the likelihood of behavior. |
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Term
| Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory |
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Definition
(Studied aggressive males)
-Observational Learning, people cognitively represent observed behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
-Behavior is strongly influenced by biology and evolution
-Konrad Lorenz (imprinting in geese)
-Bowlby stressed the importance of human attachment during the first year of life. |
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Term
| Eclectic Theoretical Orientation |
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Definition
-No single theory can explain all of development
-Every theory has contributed to our understanding
-Selects from each theory whatever is considered its best features |
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Term
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Definition
-Qualitative (describe with words, interviews, case studies)
-Correlational Studies (NO CAUSATION)
-Quantitative (describe with numbers, survey, tests)
-Experimental Studies (CAN SHOW CAUSATION, statistically significant) |
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Term
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Definition
Simultaneously compares individuals of different ages.
-Advantage (fast and inexpensive)
-Disadvantage (does not give information about development) |
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Term
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Definition
Studies the same individuals over a period of time, usually several years or more.
-Advantage (provides information about development)
-Disadvantage (expensive and time-consuming) |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of people who are born at a similar point in history and share similar experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| Difference due to person's time of birth, era, or generation, but not to actual age. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals best adapted to the environment will survive and reproduce. |
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Term
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Definition
-Environment and biological structures influence each other.
-We don't just change in response to our environments but change our environments to fit our needs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thread like structures that contain DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Complex molecule with a double helix shape and contains genetic information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unites of hereditary information composed of short segments of DNA. Genes instruct cells to reproduce and to assemble proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Building blocks of cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Complete set of developmental instructions for creating a human. |
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Term
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Definition
(Cell Reproduction)
-Nucleus duplicate and the cell divides |
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Term
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Definition
(Sperm and Egg Cell Division)
-Each cell divides twice forming 4 cells with 23 unpaired chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
23rd chromosome.
-Male: XY
-Female: XX |
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Term
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Definition
(Identical Twins)
-Occurs when one zygote splits into two.
-Genetically identical |
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Term
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Definition
(Fraternal Twins)
-Occurs when two eggs are fertilized.
-Genetically the same as siblings. |
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Term
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Definition
| The DNA inherited from each parent. |
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Term
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Definition
| How the DNA manifests; observable characteristics; how the organism looks and behaves |
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Term
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Definition
| Multiple genes necessary for one outcome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Differing outcomes depending on whether the genome is inherited from the mother or father. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fragile X Syndrome, Hemophilia, Red-Green Color Blindness |
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Term
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Definition
When an individual is either missing a pair of chromosomes or has an extra chromosome
-Example: Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) |
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Term
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Definition
When the structure of a chromosome is altered (deletion, duplication, translocation, inversion, rings)
-Every body in the cell is affected |
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Term
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Definition
-Males born with XXY instead of XY
-Usually small testicles an reduced fertility |
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Term
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Definition
-X chromosome constricted or breaks off
-Mental retardation
-Males: (1 in 4000), Females: (1 in 8000) |
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Term
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Definition
-Females born with XO rather than XX
-Sometimes causing infertility |
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Term
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Definition
-Males with extra Y chromosome
-Usually no abnormal physical characteristics but often learning difficulties and slow language development. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to metabolize phenylalanine |
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Term
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Definition
| Impaired red blood cells die more quickly; more often found in African Americans. |
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Term
| Gene-Linked Abnormalities |
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Definition
| Caused by harmful genes (ex: cystic fibrosis, diabetes, spina bifida, Huntington disease, Tay-Sachs disease) |
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Term
| Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) |
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Definition
| Small sample of placenta is removed to detect genetic and chromosomal abnormalities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sample of amniotic fluid is removed to test for chromosomal or metabolic disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Development is an ongoing bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| A propensity to a particular developmental path of complex behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a sperm and ovum (egg) unite |
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Term
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Definition
-First 2 weeks after conception
-Rapid growth of zygote |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups of cells after 1 week |
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Term
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Definition
-Outer layer of cells that provide nutrients and support for the embryo.
-Precursor to the placenta |
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Term
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Definition
(11-15 days after conception)
Attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall. |
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Term
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Definition
-Development 2-8 weeks post conception
-Begins when blastocyst attaches to uterus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Inner lining tissue of the visceral cavity and others
-Respiratory system |
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Term
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Definition
-Muscle and connective tissue and others
-Bones, muscles, reproductive systems |
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Term
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Definition
-Outer skin and nervous tissue and others
-Nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| Bag of clear (amniotic) fluid in which the embryo floats |
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Term
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Definition
| Connects the baby to placenta |
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Term
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Definition
| Group of tissues containing mother and child's intertwined blood vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organ development during the embryonic period. |
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Term
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Definition
-8 weeks post conception to birth
-Rapid growth and development, weight & height changes, motor development, fatty tissues develop.
-Fetus is viable (able to survive outside the womb) at 24 weeks. |
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Term
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Definition
-Creation of neurons
-Begins at 5th prenatal week and continues throughout prenatal period |
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Term
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Definition
-Approx. 6-24 weeks after conception
-Cells move outward from their point of origin to their appropriate locations. |
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Term
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Definition
| -Any agent that can cause birth defects or can negatively alter behavioral or cognitive processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| -Small risk of miscarriage & low birth weight |
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Term
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Definition
-Uterine contractions begins at 15-20 minutes apart and last up to 1 minute, becoming close and more intense with time.
-Cervix stretches and opens to 10 cm.
-Lasts about 12 to 24 hours. |
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Term
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Definition
-Baby's head begins to move through dilated cervix opening and eventually emerges from the mother's body.
-Lasts around 45 minutes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Umbilical cord, placenta, and other membranes are detached and expelled (afterbirth) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Synthetic hormones used to stimulate contractions |
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Term
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Definition
-Baby is removed from the mother's uterus through an incision made at the abdomen
-Higher infection rate, longer recovery time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition in which the fetus has an insufficient supply of oxygen (influences motor skills) |
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Term
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Definition
-Assessed 1 and 5 minutes after birth
-Evaluates heart rate, body color, muscle tone, respiratory effort, reflex irritability.
-(7-10): good, 5 and below: may have development delays. |
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Term
| Causes for Low Birth Weight |
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Definition
| Poor health & nutrition, smoking, adolescent births, drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Infant whose birth weight is below normal when the length of the pregnancy is considered. |
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Term
| Factors for Preterm Birth |
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Definition
| -Young mothers, disease in mother, poor nutrition, preeclampsia, substance abuse |
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Term
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Definition
| Treatment for preterm infants that involves skin to skin contact. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involution, fatigue, hormone changes, return of menstruation, weight loss |
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