Term
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Definition
| The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log[H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14. |
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Term
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Definition
| A subatomic particle having no electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom. |
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Term
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Definition
| A solution that contains a weak acid and its corresponding base. A buffer minimizes changes in pH when acids or bases are added to the solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom joined to a hydrogen atom. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols |
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Term
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Definition
| A subatomic particle with a single negative charge. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical group present in aldehydes and ketones and consisting of a carbon atom double bounded to an oxygen atom. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by chemical reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| any of a class of organic compounds containing the group −CHO, which yields acids when oxidized and alcohols when reduced. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, subscipt to the left of the elemental symbol. |
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Term
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Definition
| any of a class of organic compounds containing a carbonyl group, CO, attached to two alkyl groups, as CH 3 COCH 3 or CH 3 COC 2 H 5 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| weight of a molecule of an element |
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Term
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Definition
| The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that is dissolved in a solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles, the same as the atomic mass unit. |
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Term
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Definition
| The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group. |
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Term
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Definition
| The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, thus differing in atomic mass. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in a solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of 1+. |
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Term
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Definition
| An isotope that is unstable, the nucleus decays spontaneously giving off dettectable particles and energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| The outermost energy shell of an atom, contatining valance electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms, important in energy transfer. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protits, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive. |
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Term
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Definition
| A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysccharides). |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity. |
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Term
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Definition
| A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atoms nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond. |
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Term
| Van der waals interactions |
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Definition
| Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from transient local partial charges. |
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Term
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Definition
| A molecule with an uneven distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| The linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| the clinging of one substance to another |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid |
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Term
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Definition
| A temperature scale that measures the freezing point of water at 0 degrees C and boiling at 100 deg C |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree C. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temp by 1 deg C |
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Term
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Definition
| The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state. |
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Term
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Definition
| a liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances |
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Term
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Definition
| the dissolving agent of a solution |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that is dissolved in a solution |
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Term
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Definition
| A solution in which water is the solvent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Having an affinity for water. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mixture made up of a liquid and particles that (because of their size) remain suspended rather than dissolved in that liquid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Having no affinity for water, tending to coalesce and form droplets in water. |
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Term
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Definition
| the sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule, sometimes called molecular weight. |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadros number of molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| a common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| A single proton with a charge of 1+...H+ |
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Term
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Definition
| A water molecule that has lost a proton OH- |
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Term
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Definition
| A water molecule that has an extra proton bought to it, H3O+, commonly represented as H+ |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of carbon compounds (organic compounds) |
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Term
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Definition
| An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen. |
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Term
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Definition
| one of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of several compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of several compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent bonds between atoms but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| One of two compounds that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of asymmetric carbon. |
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Term
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
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Definition
| An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. Used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. |
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Term
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Definition
| A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most are proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water, function in dissasembly of polymers to monomers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sugar or one of its dimers or polymers. |
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Term
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Definition
| the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccs. |
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Term
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Definition
| a storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by a glycosidic linkage. |
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Term
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Definition
| an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals, the animal equivalent of starch |
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Term
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Definition
| A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages. |
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Term
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Definition
| any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water. |
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Term
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Definition
| A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached. |
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Term
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Definition
| A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as many hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific 3D structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. Serve as the monomers of polypeptides. |
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Term
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Definition
| the building block of nucleic acids, five carbon sugars covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups |
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Term
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Definition
| any of several membrane enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of euk cells. |
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Term
| scanning electron microscope (SEM) |
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Definition
| uses a beam to scan surface of sample |
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Term
| transmission electron microscope (TEM) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The disruption of a cell and separation of its parts by centrifugation at successively higher speeds. |
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Term
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Definition
| The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| a non membrane bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated. |
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Term
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Definition
| the membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier regulating the cells chemical composition. |
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Term
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Definition
| a specialized structure in the nucleus, consists of RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm, consists of a large and a small subunit. |
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Term
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Definition
| contains genetic material in the form of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| euk cell, the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| a netlike array of protein filaments that lines the inner surface of the nuc. env. and helps maintain the shape of the nucleous. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleous of euk cells. Each consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| The collction of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles, includes the plasma membrane, the nuclear envelope, the smooth and rought ER, the golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and vacuoles. |
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Term
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Definition
| a membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a euk cell. |
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Term
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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Definition
| An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome studded (rough) and ribosome free (smooth) regions. |
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Term
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Definition
| That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small membranous sac in a euk cells cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organelle in euk cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesisze some products, notable noncellulose carbohydrates. |
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Term
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Definition
| A membrane enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell. It is carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| a membrane bounded vesicle whose specialized function varies in different kinds of cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organelle in euk cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration, uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and usese it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. |
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Term
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Definition
| An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. The inner membrane houses electron transport chains and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle, as well as ribosomes and DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected, their membranes contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stack of membrane bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast. Function in the light reactions of photosynthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| the dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes an DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| One of a family of closely related organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts. Found in cells of photosynthetic euks. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various sustrates to oxygen producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide. |
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Term
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Definition
| A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all euk cells and is found in cilia and flagella. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule organizing center and is important during cell division. Has two centrioles. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9+0 pattern. Has a pair of centrioles. |
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Term
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Definition
| In cilia and flagella, a large motor protein extending from one microtuble doublet to the adjacent doublt. ATP hydrolysis drives changes in dynein shape that lead to bending of cilia and flagella. |
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Term
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Definition
| a euk cell structure consisting of a 9+0 arrangement of microtubule triplets. may organize the assembly of cilium or flagellum. |
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Term
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Definition
| a globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other kinds of cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every euk cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of motor protein that ssociates into filaments that interact with actin filaments to cause cell contraction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding. |
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Term
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Definition
| A componento of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments. |
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Term
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Definition
| in plants, a relatively thin and flexible layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of a young cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| in plants, a thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectincs, found between the primary walls of adjacent young cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| in plant cells, a strong and durable matrix that is often deposisted in several laminated layers around the plasma membrane and provides protection and support |
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Term
| extracellular matrix (ECM) |
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Definition
| The meshwork surrounding animal cells, consisting of glyco-proteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by the cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A glycoproteinb in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone, the most abundant protein the in animal kingdom. |
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Term
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Definition
| a large molecule consisting of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains attatched, found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| An extracellular glycoprotein secreted by animal cells that helps them attach to the extracellular matrix. |
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Term
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Definition
| in animal cells, a transmembrane receptor protein with two subunits that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton. |
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Term
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Definition
| An open channel through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing water, small solutes, and some larger molecules to pass between the cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids. |
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Term
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Definition
| A channel protein in the plasma membrane of a plant, animal, or microorganism cell that specifically facilitates osmosis, the diffusion of free water across the membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| The spontaneous movement of a substance down its concentration or electrochemical gradient, from a region where it is more concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated. |
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Term
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Definition
| A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases. |
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Term
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Definition
| The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a solution that when surrounding a cell causes no net movement of water into or out of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water. |
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Term
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Definition
| Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water. |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| The passage of molecules or ions down their electrochemical gradient across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins, requiring no energy expenditure. |
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Term
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Definition
| a transmembrane protein channel that allows a specific ion to diffuse across the membrane down its concentration or electrochemical gradient. |
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Term
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Definition
| A transmembrane protein channel that opens or closes in response to a particular stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient, mediated by specific transport proteins and requiring an expenditure of energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| A transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that actively transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell. |
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