The second law of thermodynamics states that whenever energy is transformed,

the entropy of the universe increases 

What is the total energy yield of each turn of the Citric Acid Cycle?

1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2

The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative 

phosphorylation is  

 oxygen, causing a molecule of water to form

What is the reducing agent in the following reaction? 

Pyruvate + NADH + H+
→ Lactate + NAD+  

NADH

Passageways that allow CO2 to enter the leaf: 

Stomata

Metabolism 

 is the totality of an organism's chemical reactions

Metabolic Pathway

a pathway that begins with specific molecule and ends with a product

Catabolic Pathways

release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

Anabolic Pathways

consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler oneds

Bioenergenetics

the study of how organisms manage their energy resources

Energy

the capacity to cause change

Kinetic energy

energy associated with motion

Heat (thermal energy)

kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

Potential energy

energy that matter posseses because of its location or structure

Chemical energy

potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

Can energy be converted?

Yes

Thermodynamics

is the study of energy transformations

What is isolated from it's surroundings?

Closed System

When can energy and matter be transferred between the system and it's surroundings?

In an open system

Are organisms open systems?

Yes

What is a living system's free energy?

energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform

An Exergonic reaction...

proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous

An endergonic reaction

absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous 

Energy coupling

the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

the cell's energy shuttle & composed of ribose (sugar), adenine (nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groups

Catalyst

is a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Enzyme

a catalytic protein

Activation energy (EA)

the initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Substrate

the reactant that an enzyme acts on 

Active site

the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds

Cofactors

nonprotein enzyme helpers

Coenzyme

organic cofactors