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-Developed modern taxonomy and the binomial system
-First to classify humans as primates
-Did not believe in evolution |
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-Developed palaeontology (fossils)
-Deeper the layer, the older and dissimilar it was to current organisms
-Did not believe in evolution |
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-Got genetics wrong
-Species evolve to be better suited to their environments |
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-British economist
-Survival of the richest |
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-British geologist
-Earth is old
-valleys=erosion, mountains=uplifting
-slow process |
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| populations have variation in traits among individuals. Variation comes from recombination of genes and mutations. Traits are heritable |
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| What changed Darwin's theory about life? |
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Definition
1. Saw marine fossils in the andes (old)
2. Saw different kinds of finches (food type, beak type) |
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| the process of breeding plants and animals for particular traits |
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| a trait with a current functional role iN an organism that is maintained/evolved by means of natural selection |
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| the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time |
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| Structures of similar origins but used for different functions. eg. the arms of a human and the fins of a whale. |
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| Structures of similar function but of different origins. eg. the wings of a bat and the wings of a bee. |
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Definition
-Slight changes in gene frequencies between generations
-Populations change, not individuals |
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Definition
-No mutations
-Random Mating
-No Natural Selection
-No Gene Flow
-Large Population Size |
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Definition
| All the individuals of the same species in a given location at a given time |
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| The potentially interbreeding group |
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| The basic unit of evolution |
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| Allows gene to move between populations |
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| Sexual selection results in the males and females having different morphology, at least in breeding season. |
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| Random events in a small population can alter the genepool |
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| a large population reduced by disaster |
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| a small population colonizes a new area |
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| favors the most common form of a trait |
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| favors the extremes, often forming disjunct populations. |
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Definition
| Locally adapted populations |
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Definition
| occurs when two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species |
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Term
| Prokaryotes (vs Eukaryotes) |
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Definition
-Typically smaller in size
-Lack membrane bound organelles
-Most have cell walls – but different chemical composition
-Have simpler genomes |
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| Gram-positive eubacteria. |
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Definition
| Cell walls with large amounts of peptidoglycan that react with Crystal Violet stain |
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| Gram-negative eubacteria. |
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Definition
| Have more complex cell walls with less peptidoglycan. |
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Definition
-are attached to basal motors at either end of the cell.
-rotate the cell like a corkscrew.
-more effective in viscous substrates than flagella |
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Definition
| Directed Movement towards or away from a stimulus |
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Definition
| movement toward a stimulus. |
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Definition
-usually one double-stranded, circular DNA molecule
-attached to cell membrane. |
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Definition
-Smaller independent rings of DNA
-“extra genes” -antibiotic resistance or metabolism of unusual nutrients. |
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Definition
| external DNA is incorporated by bacterial cells. |
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| transfer of genes from one bacterium to another. |
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| transfer of genes between bacteria via viruses. |
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| use chemicals in the environment |
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| energy source is from light |
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| require at least one organic nutrient as a carbon source. |
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| are decomposers that absorb nutrients from dead organic matter |
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| are cells that absorb nutrients from body fluids of living hosts |
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(N2 ->NH3)
In soil, and some plant root nodules |
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Definition
convert NH3 -> NO2
In soil, or biotower in treatment plant |
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Definition
N02 -(Nitrite) or N03 (Nitrate) to atmospheric N2
In soil, counter-act fertilizers |
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| Domain Bacteria (Eubacteria) |
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Definition
| forms which exhibit every known mode of nutrition and energy metabolism. |
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| Domain Archaea (Archaebacteria) |
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Definition
-Cell walls lack peptidoglycan.
-Common ancestor with Eukaryotes after split from Bacteria. |
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Definition
-Use H2 to reduce C02 to CH4 and are strict anaerobes
-In Digester at treatment plant |
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Definition
| inhabit high salinity ( 15-20%) environments (e.g. Dead Sea). |
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Definition
| Live in habitats of 60 - 80C. |
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| originated by symbiosis among prokaryotes |
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-Diploid life cycle stages.
-Mitosis and Meiosis.
-Sexual reproduction |
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| proposes that certain prokaryotic species, called endosymbionts lived within larger proto-eukaryotes |
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| descended from photosynthesizing prokaryotes living in larger cells |
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Definition
| Descended from prokaryotic aerobic heterotrophs |
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Definition
-Cyanobacteria most similar to plastids like the chloroplast
-Proteobacteria most similar to mitochondria |
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| Key evidence supporting an endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and plastids |
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Definition
-Similarities in inner membrane structures and functions
-Division is similar in these organelles and some prokaryotes
-These organelles transcribe and translate their own DNA
-Their ribosomes are more similar to prokaryotic than eukaryotic ribosomes |
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