1. Floods riparian/riverine habitat
2. Transform of riverine habitat to lacustrine (lake-like) habitat
3. Alter water temperatures
1. Epilimnion (surface) - warm
2. Hypolimnion (benthic zone) cold
4. Stops sediment/particulate  nutrient flows (CPOM, FPOM)
5. Fragments riverine habitate into isolated segments between dmas (river continuum is severed, nutrient spiraling is altered)
6. Astatic shoreline - sterile ring around the reservoir of non-vegetated beach showing zone of water level variation

1. Clod, clear, oxygen-poor water
2. River bed is stripped of fine sediments (Streambed armoring)
3. Migratory fish movement interrupted
4. Natural sediment/nutrient flow is terminated
5. Altered amount of water flow
6. Natural river flooding cycle/hydroperiod terminated
7. Nitrogen gas supersaturation from spilling water during spring runoff 

• Reduction in peak flow/flow volume
• Great short term variation in flow volume
• Reduced sediment loads
• Floodplain no longer subject to floods => floodplain wetlands no longer recieve water/nutrients
• Loss of riparian habitat

• High water temp
• Chemical changes
• Low nutrients
• Nitrogen gas supersaturation

• Lower water temps
• Lower pH
• Chemical changes
• Low oxygen

• "River of mud"
• Increase in turbidity
• Increased sedimentation

• Topmost layer of water in a eutrophic lake/reservoir
• Uniformly warm
• Greater algal growth
• Higher oxygen levels

• Thermocline region
• Rapid temperature changes with depth
• Oxygen used rapidly

• Lowest water layer, below the thermocline
• Cold water
• Slow temp changes with depth
• Oxygen used slowly

1. Longer water residence time compared to lotic systems
2. Not shaded - most of surface area exposed to sunlight
3. Little-no riparian vegetation

1. Littoral zone
2. Limnetic zone
3. Benthic zone

• Shallow water, close to shore
• Flowering plants are rooted here
• Intercepts nutrients
• Refuge from predators
• Nursery for fish

• Off-shore
• Comprises water that recieves enough light to support photosynthesis

• Made up of the bottom, or substrate

Any open water that is not close to the bottom/shore

= Limnetic zone

• The deep part of a lake that recieves no sunlight
• Part of the aphotic zone
• Typically below the thermocline

• High in rivers
• Low in lakes

• Rivers = advection
• Lakes = sedimentation

• Rivers = allochthonous
• Lakes = autochthonous

• Oligotrophic = Gravel, rock, sand
• Eutrophic = Mud, silt, sand, clay

• Oligotrophic lake = steep sloping shorelines
• Narrow littoral zone
• Eutrophic lake = gently sloping shorelines
• Wide littoral zone

• Oligotrophic = Low concentration
• Eutrophic lake = High concentration

• Oligotrophic lake = little shore vegetation
• Eutrophic lake = much shore vegetation

1. Low nutrients
2. Low productivity
3. Low grazers and insects
4. Low fish production
5. Clear, cold water
6. Sandy/low organic matter on bottom

1. High nutrients
2. High productivity
3. Large number of grazers and insects
4. Moderate fish production
5. Low water clarity, or clear with aquatic plants
6. High organic sediment accumulation on bottom

• Oligotrophic = High, well distributed
• Eutrophic = Low, only near surface

• Abundance of phytoplankton is dependent on phosphorus levels
• High plankton with high levels of phosphorus (spring and autumn)
• Plankton levels drop during summer exhastion (longest days) because they have exhasted all the phosphorus
• Plankton levels drop during winter exhastion because there is not as much sunlight (shorter days)

• During spring and fall overturn
• Due to water temp changes => casues water mixing => even distribution

• The whole community of microscopic attached organisms
• Composed of algae, protists, bacteria, and fungi
• Aufwuchs means "living on"

• The time required to refill an empty lake with its natural flow
• Calculated by total volume/inflow or outflow rate