Term
| What three cell types compose bone? |
|
Definition
-osteoblast
-osteocyte
-osteoclast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -produce bone matrix (osteoid) and initiate mineralization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -osteoblast surrounded by matrix (lacunae) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -multinuclate cells active in bone resorption |
|
|
Term
| What makes the bone matrix? |
|
Definition
| -type I collagen and ground substance (water, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, protein, lipid) |
|
|
Term
| How is compact/cortical bone organized cellularly? |
|
Definition
-arranged into osteons or Haversian System
-cortex of long bones q |
|
|
Term
| Describe the cellular organization of cancellous/trabecular/spongy bone. |
|
Definition
-lamellae, perpendicular to surface, plates
-medullary cavity of long bones |
|
|
Term
| Describe the cellular organization of woven bone. |
|
Definition
-eactive, haphazard collagen arrangement
-fetal bone, new bone formation (injury) |
|
|
Term
| Describe intramembranous ossification bone formation. Which bones undergo this? |
|
Definition
-mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts but cartilage precursors are not involved
-flat bones of skull |
|
|
Term
| Describe endochondral ossification bone formation. |
|
Definition
-form from a cartilagenous model, ossification centers (epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis)
-greater strenght and occurs in majority of bones |
|
|
Term
| If you learn only one thing in this class, what should it be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Defend the statement "bone is a dynamic organ" |
|
Definition
-mineralization and resorption of bone are normal and continuous
-death of osteocytes triggers cytokines that attract osteoclasts
-end reult of remodeling is also dependent on mechanical forces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe a fracture and how it repairs. |
|
Definition
-fractures produce a torn periosteum, soft tissue traua, and bleeding (hematoma)
-necrosis of bone fragment ends and marrow
-growth factors and mesenchymal cells present gnerate woven bone or callus which bridges area and stabilizes
bone
-in time, woven bone is remodeled to mature lamellar bone (secondary callus)
-healing (End shape) dictated by mechanical forces |
|
|
Term
| What are the implications of surgical implants in regards to fracture repair? |
|
Definition
-dec callus formation
-debris can attract leukocytes and cytokines
-damage blood supply (fibrous or cartilage)
-dec mechanical forces (osteopenia) |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the more common abnormalities of bone growth? What species are affected by each? |
|
Definition
-Osteopetrosis: deg, cow, horse, sheep
-Congenital Hyperostosis: pig
-Craniomandibular osteopathy: dog
-Osteogenesis Imperfecta: calf, lamb, puppy
-Angular Limb Deformity |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Osteopetrosis |
|
Definition
-increased obne mass within medulla
-failure of osteoclastic resorption at endochondral ossification sites
-recessive genetic defect in Angus calves |
|
|
Term
| What is craniomadibular osteopathy? Which breeds are affected? WHich bones are affected? |
|
Definition
-bilaterally symmetrical periosteal bone and irregular resorption that is apparent at 4-7 months of age
-West Highland White and Scottish Terrier
-mandibles, occipital, and temporal bones, occasionally others of skull |
|
|
Term
| Which species is most predisposed to angular limb deformity? Contributing factors? |
|
Definition
-equine, but can occur in any species (congenital or acquired)
-Factors: malposition, joint laxity, trauma, nutrition, hypothyroidism, defective endochondrial ossification |
|
|
Term
| What are soem of the causes of metabolic bone disease? |
|
Definition
-nutritional
-emdocrine
-toxic |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Osteodystrophy |
|
Definition
| -a general term which implies defective bone formation |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the case of osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
-reduced bone density and mass with the remaining bone mineralized normally
-dec cortex, trabeculae hthinner
-medullary cavity enlarged by resorption |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the causes of osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
| -Ca deficiency, physical inactivity, glucocorticoids, starvation, post menopausal |
|
|
Term
| What are Rickets and Osteomalacia? Cause? |
|
Definition
-failure of mineralization, bone deformity or fracture, generally painful, inc metaphyseal cartilage, enlarged metaphysis long bones/ribs
-Vit D or Phosphorous deficiency |
|
|
Term
| What is fibrous osteodystrophy? Causes? |
|
Definition
-widespread osteoclastic resorbtion of bone with replacement by fibrous tissue
-fibrosis/woven bone medulla/cortex, inc fibrous tissue maxilla/mandible
-primary hyperparathyroidism (neoplasia or hyperplasia), secondary hyperparathyroidism (more common) |
|
|
Term
| What is toxic osteodystrophy? Causes? |
|
Definition
-in young animals induces osteoclast malfunction of physis
-Causes: lead, hypervitaminosis D, persistent hypercalcemia, mineralization |
|
|
Term
| What is asepctic vone necrosis? |
|
Definition
| -dec venous outflow, inc bone marrow pressure |
|
|
Term
| What is Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease? What breeds of animals are commonly affected? |
|
Definition
-osteonecrosis of femoral head, with collapse
-small dogs, rarely cats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -inflammation of the bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -inflammation of the pereosteum |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Osteomyelitis |
|
Definition
| -if medullary cavity is involved |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the routes of entry of osteitis? |
|
Definition
-hematogenous: most common in young animals
-direct penetration
-extension from adjacent region |
|
|
Term
| What is the common name of mandibular osteomyelitis? What organism causes it? |
|
Definition
-lumpy jaw
-gram positive anaerobe Actinomyces bovis |
|
|
Term
| Which anmals are predisposed to metaphyseal osteopathy? |
|
Definition
| -young, growing, large breed dogs |
|
|
Term
| What are the clincial signs of metaphyseal osteopathy? |
|
Definition
-3-6 moths fever, anorexia, lameness with swelling/pain of metaphysis of long bones
-intense suppurative inflammation with retained cartilage lattice/periostitis |
|
|
Term
| What animals are predisposed to canine panosteitis? |
|
Definition
| -young large breeds, especially German Shepherds |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of canine panosteitis? |
|
Definition
-5-12 months, shifting leg lameness, multiple legs, periosteal reaction, diaphysis
-inc cortical bone formation, mild plasma cell/histiocyte infiltration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -reactive or woven bone, variety of causes |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Exostosis or osteophyte |
|
Definition
| -nodular bony growht projecting outward form the surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -osteophyte at origin or insertion of ligament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -bony growth within the medullary cavity |
|
|
Term
| Which species are predisposed to hypertrophic osteopathy? Clinical signs? |
|
Definition
-all domestic animals but primarily dog
-bilateral periosteal new bone of diaphysis, intrathoracic mass, endocarditis, HW, rhabdomyosarcoma |
|
|
Term
| What species get osteochondromas? What are they? |
|
Definition
-developmental defect in dog, horse, acquired in cats
-mass adjacent to physis |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the neoplasias of bone? |
|
Definition
-Ossifying fibroma
-osteoma/ osteosarcoma
-fibrosarcoma
-chondroma/ chondrosarcoma
-multilobular tumor of bone |
|
|
Term
| Which species get ossifying fibromas? Where? |
|
Definition
-horses and cattle
-madible and maxilla |
|
|
Term
| Which animals get osteosarcomas? |
|
Definition
| -mature dogs, large and giant breeds |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Upper site of biopsy site |
|
Definition
| -diagnostic sample where tumor has extended through the caudal cortex |
|
|
Term
| What is the middle site of biopsy site? |
|
Definition
| -diagnostic sample of tumor in metaphysis |
|
|
Term
| What is the lower site of biopsy site? |
|
Definition
| -non-diagnostic sample of endosteal bridge and caudal cortex |
|
|
Term
What is a fibrous joint?
Examples? |
|
Definition
-no movement
-sutures of skull |
|
|
Term
| What is a syndesmosis? Examples? |
|
Definition
-fibround joint b/n long bones (interosseous)
-ex: b/n radius and ulna or b/n MCII and MCIII |
|
|
Term
| Describe the movement of a cartilagenous joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -a cartilagenous joint b/n ossification centers |
|
|
Term
| Describe the range of motion of a synovial joint. |
|
Definition
| -lots of movement, most common |
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of a hing joint. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a pivot joint. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of a ball and socket joint? |
|
Definition
| -coxofemoral joint, scapulohumeral joint |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a synarthrosis joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of an amphiarthorosis joint? |
|
Definition
-vertebrae, interosseous ligaments, costo-chondral junction
-minimal motion |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of diarthrosis. |
|
Definition
| -moveable joints like an articular cartilage surface |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of a synovial joint? |
|
Definition
-articular cartilage
-subchondral bone
-joint margins
-synovial lining
-joint capsule |
|
|
Term
| HOw does DJD affect the articular cartilage? |
|
Definition
| -DJD begins with wearing away cartilage |
|
|
Term
| HOw does DJD affect subchondral bone? |
|
Definition
| -DJD produces progressive hickening (referred to as schlorosis) |
|
|
Term
| How does DJD affect joint margins? |
|
Definition
| -produces perarticular lip and enthesophytes |
|
|
Term
| How dows DJD affect the synovial lining? |
|
Definition
| -causes villous hyperplasia and chondroid metaphysis |
|
|
Term
| How does DJD affect the joint capsule? |
|
Definition
| -causes thickening of capsule with loss of range of motion |
|
|
Term
| How does cartilage react to injury in general? |
|
Definition
| -very limited ability to repair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-initial proteoglycan loss from collagen fivers, frayed surface
-progresses to erosion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -rubbing directly on subchondral bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -focal damage to cartilage with compression of synovial fluid beneath the surface producing necrosis/lysis of subchondralbone |
|
|
Term
| Which species are predisposed to hip dysplasia? Describe the condition. |
|
Definition
-dogs, cattle
-biomechanical disease initiated by decreased muscle tone/mass with resultant joint laxity
-flattening or crushing of femoral head and remodeling of acetabulum |
|
|
Term
| Which animals get spondylosis? |
|
Definition
-older animals
-most clinically relevant in the bovine and canine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -inflammation of intra-articular structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -inflammation of the synovium |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the infectious causes of joint inflammaion? |
|
Definition
| -bacterial, mycolplasma, viral |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the non-infectous causes of joint inflammation? |
|
Definition
-immune-mediated: RA, Lupus
-Gout |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Non-infectious, infections, and traumatic joint inflammation progress to degenerative joint disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Osteochondrosis? Which animals get it? |
|
Definition
-group of focal/multifocal decay of endochondral ossification
-occurs in young animals => at the metaphysis and epiphysis of pig, dog, horse, cow, poultry, and rat |
|
|
Term
| What is osteochondritis dissecans? |
|
Definition
| -clefts can develop and necrosis of cartilage by pressure result in a flap |
|
|
Term
| What is interverebral dis disease? |
|
Definition
| -loss of water and proteoglycans, increased collaged reduce the distinction of nucleus poposus and annulus fibrosis which leads to tearing of the annulus and bulging of the nucleus material |
|
|
Term
| Are synovial sarcomas common or rare? Which species is most commonly affected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Tenocytes originate from same mesenchymal pool as myocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do tenocytes differentiate into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are a couple examples of tendon degeneration? |
|
Definition
-osseous metaplasia
-fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| Is complete tendon repair possible? Why or why not? |
|
Definition
| -NO, 20-30% will be Type III colalgen |
|
|
