Term
| There are three groups of bony fish: ___. |
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Definition
| ray-finned fish (bony fins), lobe-finned fish (muscular fins) and lungfish (which evolved into reptiles) |
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Term
| There is one surviving species of lobe-finned fish, the ___, which was discovered off the coast of Africa in 1938. It likes cold, well-oxygenated water. It gives birth to ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ancestor to all amphibians and tetrapods was a ___. There are ___ extant species, found in South Africa. They inhabit freshwater and still have gills, but also gulp air into lung organs. |
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Definition
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Term
| Tetrapods emerged about ___mya. Pectoral and pelvic modifications were though to occur while they still resided in water. |
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Definition
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Term
| There are benefits and challenges to surviving on land. There is plenty of food and shelter, but metazoans had to reduce ___ and eliminate ___. Water is also much more ___, because of its higher heat capacity. ___ also made it hard to stand on land. |
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Definition
water loss
waste
stable in temperature
Gravity |
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Term
| After sharks/rays and bony fish, amphibians started to appear on land. Their eggs don't have shells, so many must ___. They can respire through their lungs, oral cavities and ___. |
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Definition
lay their eggs in water
skin |
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Term
| Amniotic eggs appeared directly after ___, which were after bony fish which were after sharks and rays. The amniotic egg enabled full terrestrial life. In the egg, the allantois is used for ___, the shell/corion (membrane) permits ___, the amnion prevents ___ and ___ the egg, the yolk sac transports ___ and the albumen (egg white) also provides ___. |
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Definition
amphibians
disposing of waste
gass exchange
prevents dehydration
cushions
nutrients
nutrients |
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Term
| Birds are ___ to reptiles like turtles than they are to mammals like bats. |
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Definition
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Term
| Keratin scales in reptiles make their skin ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| All living reptiles are ectotherms, meaning they ___. |
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Definition
| have their body temperature regulated by the environment |
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Term
| Mammals are ___, meaning they have one opening behind the eyes. Turtles are ___, meaning they don't have an opening, and the rest of reptiles and birds are ___. |
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Definition
synapsids
anapsids
diapsids |
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Term
| Birds evolved during the ___ period and share ___ (two things) with reptiles. |
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Definition
Mezoic
amniotic eggs, scales on legs |
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Term
| Out of all the reptiles, birds are closest to ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mammals have many distinct features. They branches off after the development of amniotic eggs, between amphibians and reptiles. They are control their own body temperature. They have a ___, with one aortic arch, which evolved independently from birds. They also have a diaphragm, hair, mammary and sweat glands and a secondary palate, which enables ___. |
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Definition
four-chambered heart
suckling |
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Term
| Diaphragms are unique to ___, it is a band of muscles across the bottom of the rib cage separating chest from abdomen. It is used in breathing. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mammalian glands derive from ectoderm cells and are controlled by the nervous system and hormones. There are two sweat glands: ___ (which secretes hair also) and ___, which is more numerous. Mammary and ceruminous (ear wax) are modified from ___ glands. Sebaceous glands secrete wax. |
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Definition
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Term
| A eutherian mammal is sometimes called a "___," because of the cells it emits from the fetus to exchange nutrients with the mother. |
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Definition
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