Term
|
Definition
•Distinct structure of aggregated DNA + a few specialized proteins confined to a
discrete internal region of the bacterial cell [usually no nuclear membrane]
•Houses the bacterial chromosome: a covalently closed, circular, double-stranded molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
helps in supercoiling and uncoiling.
plays a role in replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an antibiotic produced by bacteria who are competing for resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a complex of ribosomes that are translating a single mRNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consume methyl containing compounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
water is balanced
(ex. glycogen does not have any effect on an osmotic gradient between a semi-permiable membrane, therefore it is "osmotically inert") |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an intracellular storage polymer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an area in an aquatic environment where sunlight is abundant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
carbon fixation in photosynthetic bacteria
uses CO2 to make sugar |
|
|
Term
| how are bacteria able to fit very long DNA chromosomes into a small cell? |
|
Definition
many proteins are involved in condensing the bacterial genome
supercoiling also helps |
|
|
Term
| what are the characteristics of plasmids? |
|
Definition
•Small, circular genetic elements that replicate separately from the chromosome; each plasmid has its own origin of replication
•Confer antibiotic resistance
•Production of toxins and host defense resistance gene products
•Some contain genes for specialized metabolic pathways such as pesticide (like 2,4-D) degradation
•Many also encode for bacterial conjugation |
|
|
Term
| Major components of bacterial ribosome |
|
Definition
- 70S ribonucleoprotien complex that is divided into 30S and a 50S subunits
- The 30S subunit has a 16S rRNA and S protiens 1-3
- The 16S rRNA nucleotide sequence is moderately conserved across broad phylogenetic distances which allows us to build phylogenetic maps.
- The 50S subunit has a 23S rRNA and a 5S rRNA along with L protiens 1-3
|
|
|
Term
| how does bacterial ribosomes differ from eukaryotic ribosomes? |
|
Definition
- bacterial ribosomes are 70S (50S + 30S = 70S) whereas eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S (60S + 40S = 80S).
|
|
|
Term
how are
ribosomes able to produce large amounts of protein in rapidly growing bacterial cells? |
|
Definition
| with the use of polysomes, bacteria can make many copies of a specific protien simultaneously from a single mRNA |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of internal membrane structures found in bacteria? (3) |
|
Definition
- Type 1: Invaginations of the inner membrane
- purple sulfur anoxigenic photosynthetics (some girls have purple vaginas)
- Type 2: Intracellular vesicles
- green sulfur anoxigenic photosynthetics
- Type 3: Stacked thylakoids
- cyanobacteria, oxygenic photosynthetics
|
|
|
Term
| Bacterial internal membranes |
|
Definition
- Commonly found in photosynthetic bacteria and contain photosynthetic pigments that
capture light energy to make ATP
- Also found in some non-photosynthetic bacteria, (e.g., methylotrophs + nitrifiers) for
chemiosmotic generation of ATP
|
|
|
Term
| storage polymers for sugar |
|
Definition
Glycogen
- alfa-1,4 and alfa-1,6 bonds
|
|
|
Term
| storage polymer for phosphate |
|
Definition
polyphosphate granules
- Linear polymer of high-energy inorganic phosphate esters
- Produced when exposed to nutrient deficiency and excess phosphate
- Can substitute for ATP as energy source in several
metabolic reactions, e.g., can replace ATP to phosphorylate glucose for glycolysis
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Carbon storage
- Forms large spherical cytoplasmic granules
- Biodegradable plastic: microbial biotechnology application
|
|
|
Term
| What storage polymer(s) can be applied in biotechnology? |
|
Definition
Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate
Biodegradable plastic: microbial biotechnology application |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- A large bacterium that stores elemental sulfur (So) in sulfur globules
- These can provide the cell with energy by oxidizing So to sulfate (SO4-2) when H2S is exhausted
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Fill both bottles with lake sample containing
bacteria with gas vesicles
- Hit stopper of bottle “B” to produce hydrostatic
pressure that collapses the gas vesicles inside the
bacteria
- Bacteria with intact gas vesicles float to surface
(“A”), while bacteria with collapsed vesicles loose
buoyancy and sink to to the bottom. They must make
new gas vesicles to regain buoyancy.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Provides an intracellular environment to carry out the Calvin cycle
- Contain the enzymes involved in carbon fixation, mainly RuBisCo (photoautotrophs
such as the cyanobacteria) and carbonic anhydrase (chemolithotrophs)
- Carboxysomes are found in most cyanobacteria, plus a few other types of bacteria
- Composed of protein shell that resembles icosahedral virus head, and RuBisCo in a
paracrystalline state (or other CO2-fixing enzymes)
- Protein shell allows diffusion of substrates and products
|
|
|
