surrounded by cell wall

consists of all living cell components

bound by plasma membrane

cytoplasm plasma membrane and nucleus

made mostly of cellulose

hemicellulose - holds cellulose fibers together

pectin- stiffness. jams and jellies

glycoproteins- structural 

lignin- structural complex organic

middle lamella

primary

secondary

rich in pectins

glues cells together

thin flexible

formed while cell is growing

formed off of primary after cell is full grown

not in all cell types

more ridge and strong

lignin

cells that produce, process, or store food lack a 2nd wall

they communicate through plasmodesmata

cells for structural support have thick 2nd walls and communicate slow, simple diffusion

plasma membrane

semipermeable 

regulates what goes in and out of cell

phospholipid bilayer

nucleus 

sends coded messages (RNA) 

transcription

2 membranes: nuclear envelope

pores take up 1/3 surface area

pore permit only certain things into nucleus

nucleoplasm

nucleolus: RNA, dna&protein.

synthesize and assemble ribosomes

in nucleus 

DNA and proteins

become chromosomes

on outer nuclear membrane

cell communication and channeling materials

synthesizes membranes for other organelles

ribosomes on outer surface. 

protein synthesis and storage

no ribosomes

lipid metabolism and synthesis

detoxification

production of hormones

ribosomes

RNA and protein

protein synthesis

made in the nucleolus

in Golgi body

stacks of flat discs

packages stores and modifies proteins 

vesicles are pinched off from dictysomes

vesicles go to plasma membrane, fuse and secrete to outside of cell

up to 100 in plant cells meristematic tissue

plants control how many to control rates of secretion

all begin as proplastid

before exposed to light- etioplasts

chloroplasts

chromoplasts

leucoplasts: no color

amyloplasts- break down starch

elaioplasts- store fats and oils. in seeds

proteinoplasts- store proteins and enzyme reactions

30-90% of volume in cell

contains dissolved substances

pigments called anthocyains

maintains cell pressure, pH, and waste

movement and structure

Microtubules: hallow tube-like tubulins

addition of cellulose to cell wall

movement of flagella and cilia

cell division

Microfilaments: carries nutrients, proteins and organelles around the cell

roots

stems

leaves

flowers/fruits

clusters of cells for regions of growth, division and differentiation

small cells w/ large nucleus and small/no vacuole

apical (primary) and lateral (secondary)

apical meristems

tips of the shoot tips of the root

makes roots and shoot get longer

totipotent (can give rise to any cell type)

protoderm

ground meristem

procambium

all produce primary tissues

all pluripotent

apical meristem

primary meristem 

procamium

provides primary xylem and phloem

apical meristem

primary meristem

protoderm

gives rise to epidermis

apical meristem

primary meristem

ground meristem

produced from ground meristem

aren't dermal or vascular

parenchyma 

collenchyma

sclerenchyma

apical meristem

primary meristem

ground meristem

parenchyma tissue

most abundant cells in flowering plants

thin

large vacuoles

full of starch, oils, crystals

food and water storage

apical meristem

primary meristem

ground meristem

parenchyma 

aernchyma 

extensive connected air spaces

aquatic plants

apical

primary

ground

parenchyma

chlorenchyma

contains chloroplasts 

function in photosynthesis

apical

primary

ground

parenchyma

transfer cells

develop irregular extensions

increase surface area of plasma membrane

moving dissolved substances between cells

found in nectar

apical meristems

primary meristems

ground meristems

collenchyma tissue

unevenly thick primary cell walls

strong 

flexible support in regions of new growth

just below epidermis

photosynthesis

food storage

apical meristem

primary meristem

ground meristem 

sclerenchyma tissue

thick tough secondary cell walls 

2ndary cell walls pregnant with lignin

dead at maturity

support

apical

primary

ground

sclerenchyma

sclerids

stone cells

in pears

apical

primary

ground

sclerenchyma

fibers

long and thin

ropes

complex tissue

vascular (xylem and phloem)

epidermis

periderm

primary produced in procambium

secondary produced in vascular cambium

xylem: moves water

phloem: moves sugar

complex tissues

vascular tissue

xylem

conducts water absorbed by roots

composed of parenchyma, fibers, vessel elements, tracheas, and rays

water moves through plants passively through transpiration, this is why xylem can be dead at maturity 

complex 

vascular

xylem 

tracheids

tapered and closed ends

pits allow water to pass from cell to cell

dead at maturity

thick secondary cell walls

evolved before vessel elements and smaller

complex

vascular

xylem

vessel elements

thick lignified cell walls

dead at maturity

open ends

complex

vascular

xylem

rays

lateral conduction of food, water, nutrients

long living parenchyma cells from vascular cambium

in cone bearing trees and other non flowers, its composed of only tracheids

any plant with vessel elements will have tracheids 

complex

vascular

phloem

conducts foods produced during photosynthesis

composed of: sieve tube members, companion cells, fibers, parenchyma cells, and rays

must remain alive bc its active transport

complex

vascular

phloem

sieve tube members

no secondary cell walls or nucleus 

alive at maturity

end to end to form sieve tube

walls have sieve plates with pores

callose forms callose plug: prevents leaking 

complex

vascular

phloem

companion cells

conducts food and the metabolism of sieve tubes

complex tissue

epidermis

protective layer

one cell layer thick

arises from protoderm

composed of: parenchyma cells, guard cells, stomata, secretory glands, and hairs

complex 

epidermis

stomata

allow gas exchange with enviornment

complex

epidermis

guard cells

complex

epidermis

hairs

trichomes

reduce water loss

deter herbivores

complex

epidermis

cutin

secreted by epidermal cells

prevents water loss

resistant to bacteria

complex

epidermis

root hairs

extensions that increase surface area of roots 

increase diffusion of water into plant