Have Membrane Enclosed Nucleus

Have organelles 

larger size

80s Ribosome

- No nuclei, but instead nucleoids

- Lack organelles 

- Smaller in size (generally)

- 70s Ribosome

- 1-2 micro meters wide, 2 - 10 micro meters long

Nanobacteria - < 0.2 micros

Some bacteria can be up to 750 micros

Hyphae (e.g. Steptomyces) - Support and protection - part of APPENDAGED bacteria

Stalk (e.g. caulobacter) - contains only cytoplasmic elements, but not genetic material OR RIBOSOMES (no protein synthesis); possible role in nutrient absorption - part of BUDDING bacteria

*CAULOBACTER - EXAMPLE OF STICKING BACtERIA

- Diplo - pairs

- Staphylo - grape-like clusters

-Strepto - chain

- Tetrads - groups of 4

- Sarcinae - groups of 8

What are the different groupings of bacilli?

Vibrios - curved rods

Spirilla - 2 or more twists

Spirochetes - corkscrew

- Phospholipid bilayer - asymetric > polar and nonpolar ends (amphipathic)

- membrane proteins - integral and peripheral proteins

- Integral proteins: embedded in membrane; amphipathic

- Peripheral proteins: loosely attached

- Separate cell from environment

- Selectively permeable barrier 

- passage of certain molecules

- Transport system for nutrient uptake and protein and waste excretion

- Location of crucial metabolic processes ie photosynthesis, lipid synth, and cell wall constituents

- detection and response to environment 

Mesosomes: possible invagination of plasma membrane

Complex in-foldings of the plasma membrane: observed in many photosynthetic bacteria and in proks. with high respiratory activity; may be aggregation of spherical vesicles, flattened, or tubular vesicles

- Located in cytoplasm, they are made of organic and inorganic material

- They function in nutrient and energy storage

- Possibly visible under light sources, used for identification

PHB - Phosphate storasge and biodegradable plastics

Gas vacuoles - cyanobacteria; allows them to float

Magnetosomes - contain iron, navigation system oriented to magnetic field lines

- Ribosomal RNA + protein

- 70S (Svedburg) - named after sedimentation velocity

- Site of protein synthesis

- Provides shape

- Protection from osmotic lysis

- COMPOSED OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN - formed by identical subunits, with alternating NAG/NAM linking sugar chains

- Positive -peptide interbridge (purple)

- Negative - Direct cross-linking (Pink)

*In regards to peptidoglycan chains

G+ - thick layer of peptidoglycan, no outer membrane

1.  contains Teichoic acid (Antigen) for negative charge, 
2. Lacks Lipopolysacchirade
3. Penicillin sensitive

G (-) - thin layer of peptidoglycan, OUTER MEMBRANE

1. Antiobiotic resistant
2. Contains LPS instead of Teichoic
3. Outermembrane - barrier to transport, provides protection against antibiotics and digestive enzymes
4. Contains porin proteins; allows larger molecules through
5. Strengthened by BRAUNS LIPOPROTEIN

- The most unusual constituent of outer membrane in Gram negative cells

- Contains: Lipid A; core polysachirrade, and O-side chain

- Functions to give overall negative charge to surface, stabilizes surface, and can act as endotoxin

*Describe the LPS Structure

O antigen: Polysaccharide chain extending

outwards from the core (recognized by host antibodies)

Core polysaccharide: Constructed of various sugars

Lipid A contains: 2 glucosamine sugar derivates,

each with fatty acids & phosphate or pyrophosphate

Gram Positive - Very thin; contains exoenzymes; located between peptidoglycans and cell membrane

Gram Negative - Very thick; functions for peptidoglycan synthesis, nutrient aquisition, and modification of toxic compounds; found between plasma membrane and outer membrane

Filament - extends from surface to tip 

Hook - links filament and basal body

Basal Body - embedded in cell; Gram positive has 2 rings, negative has 4 rings (L, P, S, M)

* Basal body is embedded in CELL

- Endospores are the resting state structure within bacterial cell

- Function for survival in adverse conditions, and re-activated when favorable

- 

1. Reactivation - prepares spores for germination resulting from treatment such as heating
2. *Germination - Spore swelling, rupturing of coat, loss of resistance, and increased metabollic activity (VEGETATIVE)
3. Outgrowth - emergence of vegetative cell

• Cell wall formation during division
• Chromosome replication and distribution 
• Secretion
• These are possible artifacts of chemica fixation processes

- Found as part of the plasma membrane in photosynthetic or highly respirative bacteria

- May be aggregates of spherical vessels, flattened vesicles, or tubular membranes

- Made of polysachirrade and/or proteins

- Sticky layer is known as mucoid

- Functions: Adherence, Resistance to dessication, resistance to phagocytosis, improve motility

- Only found in Gram negative

- Used for attachment > Invasion and nutrient uptake

- NOT used for Motility

- Pili - Special type of fimbrae; possible use for DNA transfer

- Monotrichous - one only

- Amphitrichous - polar (one at each pole)

- Peritrichous - spread evenly over entire surface

- Lophotrichous - a cluster at one or both ends

- L: LPS Layer

- P: Peptidoglycan-layer

- S: space

- M: Plasma MEMBRANE

- Inner: Plasma membrane

- Outer: PG layer

- Runs - swim along, counterclockwise motion

- Tumble: Cell stops and tumbles by reversing direction of flagellum movement

- Clockwise rotation

- Bundle (CCW) 

- Tumble - flagella pushed apart (clockwise) 

- Flagella bundle - CC