• Nature: genetics/inherited traits
• Nurture: environment/society/upbringing 

• chemicals/agents that cause harm to the fetus
• alcohol, cigarettes, etc.

• occurs when a child is born to a mother who drank heavily during pregnancy
• Results: low birth weight, malformed skulls, mental retardation

• innate automatic responses at birth
• Rooting
• Sucking
• Grasping
• Moro (flinging limbs out when startled)
• Babinski (spreading toes when foot is stroked)

• Conducted on baby monkeys
• separated monkeys from mothers, were given two wire surrogate mothers.  One was covered in soft material & the other gave food.
• Findings: 
• Attachment to comfort not food
• Attachment deprivation has long term effects

• Observed infants' reactions when placed in "strange situation" (left alone by parent)
• Secure attachments: confidently explored
• Avoidant attachments: avoid parent for comfort
• Anxious/Insecure attachment: extreme stress & resist parent comfort

• infants seek pleasure through their mouths
• oral fixation might cause: smoking, overeating, etc.

• develops during toilet training
• fixation might cause: retentiveness/expulsiveness

• Babies realize gender
• Oedipus Complex: boys resent father's relationship with mother
• Fixation could cause: future relationship troubles

• Stage of calmness
• low psychosexual anxiety

• focus of sexual pleasure comes from genitals

• 0-1 yr. 
• Focus: need fulfillment & trusting caregiver

• Age: 1-3 yrs.
• Focus: Autonomy- controlling body

                Shame & Doubt- not controlling body

• Potty training important 

• Age: 6-12 yrs
• Focus on: feeling confident that our work is comparable to others; if not we feel inferior

• Age: 20-25
• Focus on: balancing romance and work

• Age: 26-64 yrs
• Focus on: Critically analyzing life path (ie: Did I make a difference?)

• Age: 64+
• Focus on: look at life accomplishments when faced w/ death

• fitting new information into a pre-exisiting schemata

• Changing our schemata to fit new information

• Age: 0-2 yrs
• babies explore world through senses 
• Develop: Object permanence

• Age: 2-7yrs
• Develop: 
• language & symbolic meaning

• Age: 8-12yrs
• Children learn to think more logically
• Develop: Conservation

• Age: 12+
• Children to abstractly reason and understand hypotheticals

• to understand that an object still exists even if it is out of sight

• Inability to see the world from others' point of view

• ability to understand that size & shape do not affect volume
• ex: to understand that just because a nickel is larger than a dime does not mean you have more money

• moral decisions are made to avoid punishment
• ex: Sally will not steal a cookie because she does not want a spanking

• Moral decisions are made based on how others' will perceive them (what is considered right & wrong)
• ex: Sally will not steal a cookie because her mother will think she is a bad person

• Moral decisions are made based on one's own ethics
• ex: Sallie may steal the cookie because her friend Sarah cannot afford it and it's not fair that she suffers 

• Studied the psychosexual stages of development
• believed future personality was caused by fixation or successful completion of stages based on sexual frustration

• Believed future personality was a result of social interactions throughout development

• Studied children's ability to organize & store information at varying ages

• studied how moral decision making changes over a life span