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Learning
Chapter 5: Psychology
46
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
07/21/2011

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Term
Learning
Definition
change in an organism's behavior or thought as a result of experience.
Term
habituation
Definition
process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli
Term
serendipity
Definition
accident
Term
classic (Pavlovian) conditioning
Definition
form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response
Term
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Definition
stimulus that elicits an automatic response
Term
unconditioned response (CR)
Definition
response previously associated with a nonneutral stimulus that does not need to be learned
Term
conditioned response (CR)
Definition
response previously associated with a nonneutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning
Term
conditioned stimulus (CS)
Definition
initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus
Term
Classical conditioning occurs in 3 phases
Definition
acquisition,extinction, and spontaneous recovery
Term
acquisition
Definition
we gradually learn-or acquire the CR.
Term
extinction
Definition
gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus.
Term
spontaneous recovery
Definition
sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned to response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus
Term
stimulus generalization
Definition
process by which conditioned stimuli similar, but not identical to, the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response.
Term
stimulus discrimination
Definition
displaying less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus.
Term
higher-order conditioning
Definition
developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus.
Term
operant conditioning
Definition
learning controlled by the consequences of the organism's behavior.
Term
law of effect
Definition
principle asserting that if a stimulus followed by a behavior results in a reward, the stimulus is more likely to elicit the behavior in the future.
Term
insight
Definition
grasping the nature of a problem
Term
Skinner box
Definition
small animal chamber constructed by Skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviors to be recorded unsupervised.
Term
In classical conditioning, the organism's responses depend primarily on the autonomic nervous system.
Definition
In operant conditioning, the organism's responses depend primarily on the skeletal muscles.
Term
3 concepts in Skinnerian psychology
Definition
reinforcement, punishment, and discriminative stimulus
Term
reinforcement
Definition
outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of a behvior
Term
positive reinforcement
Definition
presentation of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior
Term
negative reinforcement
Definition
removal of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of a behavior.
Term
punishment
Definition
outcome or consequence of a behavior that weakens the probability of the behavior.
Term
discriminative stimulus
Definition
stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement
Term
partial reinforcement aka Humphrey's paradox
Definition
only occasional reinforcement of a behavior, resulting in slower extinction than if the behavior had been reinforced continually.
Term
schedule of reinforcement
Definition
pattern of reinforcing a behavior
Term
Four major reinforcement schedules
Definition
Fixed Ratio(FR)schedule,
Fixed interval(FI) schedule,
Variable ratio(VR) schedule,
variable interval (VI) schedule
Term
fixed ratio schedule (FR)
Definition
pattern in which we provide reinforcement following a regular number of responses.
Term
fixed interval schedule (FI)
Definition
pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once following a specified time interval.
aka "scalloped" pattern of responding. That means to anticipate
Term
variable ratio schedule(VR)
Definition
we provide reinforcement after a specific number of responses on average, with the number varying randomly. yields highest rates of responding.
Term
variable interval(VI)schedule
Definition
pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once during an average time interval, with the interval varying randomly.
Term
shaping by successive approximations
Definition
conditioning a target behavior by progressively reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the target.
Term
Token economy
Definition
systems, often set up in psychiatric hospitals, for reinforcing appropriate behaviors and extinguishing inappropriate ones.
Term
secondary reinforcer
Definition
neutral object that becomes associated with a primary reinforcer
Term
primary reinforcer
Definition
item or outcome that naturally increases target behavior
Term
target behavior
Definition
actions they hope to make more frequent. Positive actions
Term
Latent learning
Definition
learning that is not directly observable
Term
Cognitive maps
Definition
spatial representations- mental representation of how a physical space is organized.
Term
observational learning
Definition
learning by watching others such as models: parents, teachers, and others who are influential to us.
Term
Field studies
Definition
Researchers examine the relation between naturally occurring events and aggression in the real world.
Term
The sauce bearnaise syndrome
Definition
Also known as conditioned taste aversion, refers to the fact that classical conditioning can lead us to develop avoidance reaction to the taste of food.
Scapegoat food- a novel food of which they aren't fond-prior to chemotherapy.
Term
equipotentiality
Definition
assumption that any conditioned stimulus can be associated equally well with any unconditioned stimulus.
Term
prepared learning
Definition
evolutionary predisposition to fear certain stimuli more than others.
Term
instinctive drift
Definition
tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement.
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