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| Institutional Review Board (IRB) |
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Definition
Boards established at colleges/universities, and federal government agencies responsible for conducting research
Reviews proposed research involving data coming from human participants
Look at:
research risks
benefits
proposed method
the degree of risks to human participants |
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| Institutional Review Board (IRB) Looks For: |
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Definition
research risks
benefits
proposed method
the degree of risks to human participants |
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| Why is the Belmont Report important? |
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Definition
Respect (informed consent)
Beneficence (the benefits outweigh the risks)
Justice (selection of participants) |
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Exempt Review
Expedited Review
Full Review |
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The program or components of a program that you plan to use to create change.
Refers to a study designed to test a hypothesized cause effect relationship by modifying a supposed causal factor
in a population |
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| Example: FIRST GRADERS who take art classes 4 TIMES A WEEK demonstrate higher CREATIVITY |
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A group of beings to whom an experimental stimulus (independent variable) is administered and who should resemble the control group in all other aspects.
Also known as the Treatment or “Intervention” group |
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| Example Experimental Group |
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Definition
| FIRST GRADERS who take ART CLASSES 4 TIMES a week. |
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A group of subjects not exposed to the experimental stimulus (independent variable) and who resemble the experimental group in all other aspects
Also known as placebo group |
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| FIRST GRADERS who took NO ART CLASSES score lower on creativity test. |
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Definition
Primary Sources
Secondary Sources |
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Interviews
Surveys
Direct observation |
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Researchers depend on:
Reliability
Validity
to verify the effectiveness of measurement procedures used in research methodology/design |
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The consistency of your measurement
The degree to which an instrument measures the same way each time it is used under the same condition with the same subject |
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| I place a 40-pound suitcase on a reliable scale, so I expect to see the scale read “40” every time I weigh that suitcase |
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Test-Retest
Inter-Rater
Internal Comparison or Consistency |
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| Relationship between the scores a person achieves when he/she takes the same test more than once at different times. |
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| Relationship between the scores noted by two observers watching the same behavior |
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| Internal Comparison or Consistency Reliability |
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Definition
Consistent responses to similar questions
Is the construct being measured accurately |
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The quality of a measurement tool that suggests the tool accurately reflects the concept that it is intended to measure
The use of two different measures of the same thing that leads to the same results |
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Internal/External
Face/Content |
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| The extent to which results can be determined accurately. |
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| Example Internal Validity |
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Definition
Think INSIDE the experiment
Is your experiment so well designed that when the results are in, you feel confident that you can make truthful and definite statements about what happened in your study? |
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| The extent to which the results can be generalized to populations, situations, and conditions |
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| Example of External Validity |
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Definition
Think OUTSIDE the experiment
Can your results be generalized to people outside of your study?
Whether this is high/low depends on what you are studying and what your participants are like |
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| Requires that your measure appears relevant to your construct to an innocent bystander, or more specifically, to those you wish to measure |
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Similar to face validity
However, rather than asking your target population of interest, you must ask experts in the field |
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| if you tell people you are measuring their attitudes, but your survey asks them how much money they spend on alcohol, they may think you have lied to them about your study |
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| Example of Content Validity |
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Definition
| A survey that assesses attitudes should be reviewed by an expert in the field to make sure that you address nuances in the construct that may be rare or elusive |
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Longitudinal
Nature of human beings |
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| Longitudinal Threats to Validity |
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Definition
Events
Maturation
Attrition |
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| Human Nature Threats to Validity |
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Definition
Cultural need to please (social desirability)
Something fundamentally different about your particular experimental group |
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The act of, process, or technique of selecting a suitable sample, or representative part of a population for the purpose of determining parameters or characteristics of
the whole population |
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| What is the purpose of sampling? |
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Definition
To draw conclusions about populations by observing only a portion (or sample) of the population.
To do this however, we use inferential statistics
An appropriate sample becomes as representative as possible of the population under study |
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A branch of statistics that consists of
generalizing from samples to populations
performing hypothesis testing
determining relationships among variables
making predictions |
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Subset studied is typically called a sample
A subset of the population |
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Definition
The group of people (or animals) that a research question refers to
In some cases, the population can be easily studied. Example: biographical studies of American presidents
In most real-world research scenarios, we cannot study the population per se
Instead, we typically study a subset of the population |
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| Factors Determining Sample Size |
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Definition
Who is the study population
Funding availability
Nature of the analysis to be performed
Desired precision of the estimates one wishes to achieve (the more you have the better)
The kind and number of comparisons that will
be made. (Ex. Ethnicity, gender…)
Number of variables that will be examined simultaneously |
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Term
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Definition
Simple Random
Cluster
Systematic
Convenience
Stratified
Snowball |
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Definition
Every individual has an equal chance of being selected
Individuals are assigned a number, and a table of random numbers is used to identify the selected numbers for the sample |
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Every 5th/nth individual is chosen
This is quicker but not everyone has an equal chance to be included
The first number could be chosen at random |
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Useful for heterogeneous populations
Heterogeneity in the population is represented in the strata
You achieve proportional representation of the whole population
We could stratify by:
Gender
Region
Nonprofit Subsector |
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Definition
Define your strata (e.g., nonprofit subsector)
Divide your large pool of subjects into several groups (strata), and then . . .
Randomly select subjects from within each group
The number of subjects selected from each group is fixed by design (and reflects the strata proportions in the population) |
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Each stratum can be weighted to reflect the heterogeneity of the population
An alternative to a simple random sample that provides more precision when your population is heterogeneous |
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Some populations occur naturally in groups or clusters
Can be chosen at random
Identify clusters in the population, and then picking some or all of the units from the selected cluster for research |
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| Example of Cluster Sample |
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Definition
We want to study poverty in SD County
We can’t study the whole county so we break the county into neighborhoods and randomly select people in each neighborhood |
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Also called haphazard or accidental
Using people who are:
captive audience
happen to be walking by
show a special interest in your research |
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| Example of Convenience Sample |
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Definition
People who call in to see if they qualify for a study
First 100 people we meet on the street
Volunteer college students
First 50 people who come into your organization |
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Also called network, chain, or repetitional
Begins with a few people or cases then gradually increases the sample size as new contacts are mentioned by the people you started out with |
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Define
The property by which a behavior, a theory can become the property of larger groups, or contexts |
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| Systematically favoring certain outcomes |
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| Interviewing only people who have telephones and leaving out people who don’t have phones |
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Or randomization, chance determines the assignment of treatments
Control known biases, increase generalizability |
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| Example of Random Assignment |
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Definition
Use a computer software to generate group assignment
Use table of random numbers (book) |
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| A variable or factor that creates differences between the comparison groups and affects the result |
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Cigarette smoking, and drinking coffee associated with developing lung cancer
A lot of people who smoke also drink coffee |
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Definition
Initial measurement against which future measurement is compared
Measurements taken on participants before the treatment is applied |
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| Body Mass Index (BMI) scores taken to participants before exercising/dieting |
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Definition
It’s an EDUCATED guess about the phenomenon being studied
"Educated" means beyond mere speculation
A translation of information gathered from theories, other
research, and casual observation |
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| Profit sharing increases the productivity of employees |
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| A description or set of criteria for defining a variable or condition with objectivity |
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| Example of Operational Definitions |
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Definition
| The operational definition of an obese person could be one who weighs more than 120% of his or her “ideal weight” as defined by an insurance company chart |
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Definition
Who
What
Where
When
How Often
How many |
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