Nicola Pisano
Pisa Baptistery Pulpit
1260

• Nicola had great interest in Roman classcisism
• pulpit unusual in baptistry
• Archbishop Frederigo Visconti probably force behind pulpit
• pulpit now in a different location
• wanted a place for sculptural images cuz didn't put them on walls/exterior, no stained glass windows or frescoes
  
• free standing b/c no rood screen to attach to
• columns look like spolia

Giovanni Pisano
Pulpit, S. Andrea, Pistoia (near Pisa)
Completed 1301
Massacre of the Innocents

• King Herod in upper right ordering murder, wave effect out from there
  
• preceeds crucifixion on pulpit
• very detailed expressions
• tug-of-war area = very thin piece of stone
• less figures than Siena pulpit and more negative space

S. Maria dell’Assunta
Siena
Begun, c. 1226
Façade begun 1284

• nave covered by arch-supported barrel vault ala Notre Dame da Grande (Poitiers, France)
• generally more Romanesque than Gothic
• black and white of shield and Islamic influence made striping
• designed to dominate the skyline 
• raised roof later
• Romanesque lower and Gothic upper
• floor = paved with patterns and figural images

Giovanni Pisano
Pulpit, S. Andrea, Pistoia (near Pisa)
Completed 1301

• most amazing of all the pulpits
• Giovanni's response to the 2 pulpits his father had made
• inscription = brash and slighting his father
• G = more Gothic sculptor b/c of stocky figures, expressiveness
• arches = gothic

Giovanni Pisano
Pulpit, Pisa Cathedral
1302-10

Nativity of Christ (and Annunciation to the Shepherds)

• elegant, sinuous lines
• cave in very high relief encircles most important part
• maid servant testing bathwater
• fewer figures and more negative space
• refined details on Mary's cloak

Giovanni Pisano
Pulpit, Pisa Cathedral
1302-10

• Giovanni working with several assistants
• larger than Pistoia, less precise
• inscriptions talk about how great G is
• pulpit probably not well received
• beginnings of when artists began to identify themselves
• rounded off pulpit

S. Maria dell’Assunta
Siena
Begun, c. 1226
Façade begun 1284

• they got jealous of Florence
• started on this plan to make huge church
• failed because of economic problems, plague, structural problems

Palazzo della Ragione, Padua,

begun 1218-19, modified early 14th century

S. Maria dell’Assunta
Siena
Begun, c. 1226
Façade begun 1284

• started out smaller, but got bigger... cathedral envy
• designed to dominate skyline, dome and campanile
• also bishops palace
• baptistry is down underneath

Palazzo della Ragione, Padua,

begun 1218-19, modified early 14th century

• rule by council, but always really strong family there, too... kinda monarchical
• ragione = right and reason
• one traditional function was judicial
• council (up to 100 people) met here
• more essentially a building of community than control
• not so fortress like, but still crenellations
• 2 loggias
• more horizontal than vertical

Palazzo del Capitano, Orvieto
After 1250

• orvieto = located in papal territories
• external staircase
• open site
• fortress-like
• propagandistic architecture = strong govt.

Arnolfo di Cambio?
Palazzo Vecchio (Palazzo della Signoria)
First planned 1285
Built 1299-1314

• first planned as city begins to work on self-rule
• building slowed by concurrent work on cathedral
• built on former Umberti land to show rule of guelphs (papacy)
• created open piazza
• now has two principle facades b/c in 1342, Duke of Athens came in as podesta and tried to take over... was defeated, but had already started rebuilding, so they continued his plans
• second facade = has blind windows, etc.
• execution of savanorola on ringhiera
  

Palazzo Pubblico, Siena
First resolution to build, 1287
Construction begun 1297, largely completed by 1310

• very distinctly separate from cathedral space
• fanned, semi-circular piazza
• entrance from streets = staged
• built on site of previous civic buildings
• Piazza del Campo
  
  • piazza still site of horse race twice a year
    
  • 9 sections to represent Council of the Nine
• surrounding buildings take on the design
• center higher, right wing = council of 9, left wing = podesta's house
• 9 crenels
• built very quickly
• Torre del Mangia (clock tower)
  • begun 1325
  • named after bell ringer
  • crenellation, fortress like, bronze bell
  • reminscent of family towers
    

Arnolfo di Cambio,

Florence Cathedral (S. Maria del Fiore),

begun 1296

• replaced an earlier structure (Santa Reperata)
• in 13th Cent, realized their cathedral wasn't holding up to competition
• wanted to set new church farther from baptistry
• bought property and cleared out buildings
• built around Santa Reperata for about 60 years
• made initial plan much larger

Bargello, Florence

(Palazzo del Capitano del Popolo, Palazzo del Podestà)
Begun c. 1255

• originally for capitano del popolo, then after defeat by Siena = palace fo podesta b/c they needed outside help to regroup
• punctuated by gothic windows
  
• no piazza or open staircase
• heavy fortifications
• not brick = stone
• interior courtyard and loggia
  

Cimabue, Crucifixion, 1270s or early 1280s
San Francesco (Upper Church), Assisi

• used lead white which oxidized and turned into film negative
• never repainted it
  

Arnolfo di Cambio, Florence Cathedral (S. Maria del Fiore), begun 1296

• began on Feast of Birth of Virgin Mary
• fiore = flower, Florence's name, lily
• can see where windows/exterior decor changes because of change of plans
• tie bars interior
• meat and potatoes interior -- not lavish decorations
• gothic pointed arches

Arnolfo di Cambio, Florence Cathedral (S. Maria del Fiore), begun 1296

• began on Feast of Birth of Virgin Mary
• fiore = flower, Florence's name, lily
• can see where windows/exterior decor changes because of change of plans
• tie bars interior
• meat and potatoes interior -- not lavish decorations
• gothic pointed arches

Arnolfo di Cambio, Florence Cathedral (S. Maria del Fiore), begun 1296

• began on Feast of Birth of Virgin Mary
• fiore = flower, Florence's name, lily
• can see where windows/exterior decor changes because of change of plans
• tie bars interior
• meat and potatoes interior -- not lavish decorations
• gothic pointed arches

Arnolfo di Cambio, Florence Cathedral (S. Maria del Fiore), begun 1296

• meat and potatoes
• tie bars
• pointed arches

S. Maria dell’Assunta
Siena
Begun, c. 1226
Façade begun 1284

• Siena = Ghibelline city (Emperor)
• more is more in Sienese taste
• Giovanni Pisano was capomaestro for a while, but got fired
• black and white of shield and Islamic influence made striping
  

Nicola Pisano
Pisa Baptistery Pulpit
1260
Annunciation and Nativity (and Annunciation to the Shepherds)

• 1st scene you would have seen when you entered
• would have been colored with vitreous glazes
• single panel, but several events
• Mary has noble-looking face
• drapery very nicely cut
• nice patterning in hair and clothing of nursemaids
• animals = lovely texture
• undercutting
• active figures, more naturalistic, expressive
• influenced by classical from Roman ruins, French from facade of Reims cathedral
  

Nicola Pisano
Pisa Baptistery Pulpit
1260
Fortitude

• very classical
• contraposto pose
• interested in musculature
• probably inspired by Phadra sarcophagus image of Apollo

Nicola Pisano
Pulpit
Siena Cathedral
1265-68

• Nicola's second
• assisted by Giovanni and Arnolfo
• carving more varied in style
• much larger than Pisa Baptistry
• octagonal (more room for stories)
• not in original location
• more sculptural and complex than Pisa Baptistry

Nicola Pisano
Pulpit
Siena Cathedral
1265-68
Crucifixion

• drama is of the essence here -- maybe influence of his assistants (Giovanni?)
• left side = people put him to death -- mean and sneaky
• right = Christ's family and friends, Mary passed out with grief, John the Evangalist is weeping, Christ looking to good side
• Mary = deep folds and undercutting

San Francesco, Assisi
begun 1228
completed c. 1239
consecrated 1253

• St. Francis cannonized 2 years after his death
• church in Latin cross form
• giant reliquary for St. Francis -- walled in his body so it wasn't taken apart
• located in Papal states, so had lots of money and went up quickly
• double decker like Ste Chapelle in Paris
• pilgrims followed special route
• plain exterior
• cylindrical buttresses
• similar to Fontenay Abbey Church (Cistercian influence)
  

San Francesco, Assisi
begun 1228
completed c. 1239
consecrated 1253
lower church

• narthex, nave, side chapels
• high altar at crossing and Francis' body directly under it
• has some of earliest Francescan images
• low, heavy space
• quadripartide vaults = gothic

San Francesco, Assisi
begun 1228
completed c. 1239
consecrated 1253

• double decker like Ste. Chappel in Paris

San Francesco, Assisi
begun 1228
completed c. 1239
consecrated 1253
upper church

• no side chapels, no aisles, polygonal apse
• thick lower walls support upper walls
• lavishly decorated
• rose window w/ stained glass = gothic
• pointed arches
• higher and lighter = French

Sant’Antonio, Padua
Completed by 1290

• St. Anthony of Padua d. 1231, cannonized 1232
• major Francescan saint
• they opened his tomb and took his jaw and tongue
• can carry these bits in procession
• Byzantine and San Marco-inspired domes
• reminscent of Aquitane domed churches like Soulliac
• massive, dimly lit interior space
  

Sant’Antonio, Padua
Completed by 1290

• ambulatory past all the altars, relics and tomb of St. Anthony

S. Croce, Florence, begun, 1294
Arnolfo di Cambio?

• Franciscan church
• stylistically similar to Florence cathedral
• design = clear and balanced
• specifically designed for Francescan order's needs
• poverty vs. lavish decoration
• 5-sided apse like at S. Francesco, Assisi
• open-trussed wooden roof, thin nave supports
• built in area where some of poorest residents lived (textile workers)
• had large piazza for preachers
• one of largest Francescan churches
• many individual chapels = lavish/expensive
• nave, aisles, crypt
• frescos white-washed over
  

Santa Maria Novella
Florence
Begun by 1279

• Dominican church, across town from S. Croce (Francescan)
• fancier than S. Croce: vaulting
• similar to Fontenay & S. Francesco
• much Cistercian influence
• unprecedented "airiness"
• zebra stripes draw eye skyward
  

Opera del Duomo (operai)

cathedral works department in Florence

consisted of operai (members of the guild)

capomaestro

Arnolfo di Cambio

• capomaestro at Florence cathedral -- designed, but died??
  
• also probably at Bargello and Santa Maria Novella
• from Siena
• also a sculptor

Duomo nuovo

• super duomo at Siena
• got jealous of Florence and started to make previous church into a transcept
• never finished because of economic problems, black plague and structural problems
• facade still there
• "incredible saga of ambition and incompetence"
• had impossible dreams of light, tall pillars and "soaring weightless" vaults
  

Facciatone

Arte della Lana

wool guild

took over building Florence cathedral after 1331

guilds

set standards

had to rise through ranks to get to top

paramount importance

sculptors belonged to Masons/stoneworkers

painters belonged to doctors and pharmacists

Guelphs

for the Papacy -- (gwelf)

• 11th Century conflict between HRE emperors (Germany) and popes (Rome)
• Pope Gregory VII vs. Emperor Henry IV - 1076
• Matilda of Canossa (1046-1114), lived in Germany, supported popes, had troops, and land in Italy
• Florence = Guelph city
  

Ghibelline

for the Holy Roman Emperor (geebaleens)

• 11th Century conflict between HRE emperors (Germany) and popes (Rome)
• Pope Gregory VII vs. Emperor Henry IV - 1076
• Barbarian invasion = strong connection w/ Germany
  
• Siena = Ghibelline city

crenellation

• many crenels put together
• the parts on the top of a castle so people could pop out and shoot arrows at others

podesta

• head of the judicial arm
• some officials lived in the palazzos
• came from another city and was only in office for a short time so as to remain impartial

City of Siena

• major merchant city with banking and cloth
• good example of a medieval city
• burnt siena because of the color of the clay there
• founded by Romans in the 1st cent bce
• traces of Etruscans before this-- they're very proud of these facts
• they show these origins better than Florence
• founded by son of Romulus who was also a twin and suckled by a wolf
• sienese shield = black/white
• hill town, along the Via Francigena (France Road) = pilgrimage route

City of Florence

• Guelph city
• ruled by consensus -- fairly democratic (no women)
• called itself "commune"
• major manufacturing city, high quality cloth, purchase foreign wool and turn it into fine cloth, then export it
• often bankers to popes (why guelph city)
• 1252 = established florins = major currency all over europ
• John the Baptist = patron saint
• layout = 9th cent, ancient Roman camp w/ first walls, 1173-4 = second set of walls, 1280s = 3rd set which took them a long time to grow in to
• Baptistrey dedicated to St. John the Baptist was major feather in their cap, claimed its an ancient Roman monument
• city founded during Roman republic
  

City of Pisa

peaked earlier than Florence or Siena

build earlier

ringhiera

speaking platform across west facade of palazzo vecchio

public stage

Town Halls

• function: control of trade, local democracy, judicial control, express civic pride, public ceremony
• housed Podesta
• elements: open site, tower, external stairway, loggia
• bulk in relation to surrounding buildings

loggia

covered area opn to outside

for market spaces, processing, etc

Mendicant

• took vows of poverty
• Franciscan and Dominican
• mendicant = from latin "to beg"
• combine monastic life with outside life
• placed a great deal of emphasis on ministering to the poor
• attracted great crowds to hear the preaching
• took religion to the people
• friar = not monk = only part of mendicant order
  

Franciscan Order

• founded by St. Francis (1182-1226, cannonized 1228)
• wore black, uncomfortable tunic, belted with 3 knots
• located in Central Italy, Umbria
• "Francesco" = Frenchman = french connection/Cistercian
• preaching in the vernacular, so were understandable and therefore popular

Dominican Order

• founded by St. Dominic -- he came from Spain in 1170-1221
• cannonized in 1234 (quickness showed his status)
• white tunic beneath a black cloak = traditional garb
• very interested in education
• great preachers
• also play on domini canis "Hounds of the Lord"

tramezzo (rood screen)

• physical barrier to the high altar
• showed where people could go
• also gender divider
• had a door in it
• mostly taken down in the 16th cent in response to the protestant reformation

Cistercian architecture

very meat and potatoes

good, strong architecture

Spirituals / Observants

• Franciscans who thought it was okay to relax poverty vows in order to allow for donations, etc.
• papacy sided with this view

Conventuals

Emperor Frederick II

Holy Roman Emperor

fought with Pope Gregory IX

very interested in Roman classicism

historiated

Archbishop Federigo Visconti

• elected 1254
• probably driving force behind pulpit
• very interested in Ancient Rome
• well regarded as a preacher, so preaching takes on a new import

all'antica

"in the antique style"

very strongly classical

undercutting

Phaedra sarcophagus

at the Pisa cathedral

influenced Nicola Pisano

Cennino Cennini

wrote "The Craftsman's Handbook" c 1390

"descended" from Giotto

best and most extensive source for painting

gesso

gypsum mixed with glue

helps paint and gilding adhere to surface

gesso grosso = thicker

gesso sottile = more refined

bole

gilding (water & mordant)

water = gold leaf, carefully sucks down and adheres to water

mordant = tiny line of adhesive

tooling

sgrafitto

punching

decorating gold texture

punches have different tips to make different patterns

terra verde

tempera

ultramarine

made from ground up lapis lazuli

as expensive as gold

from Afghanistan

buon fresco

• (true fresco)
• traditional technique
• extremely durable
• on fresh wet plaster
• Romans, Egyptians knew this technique -- handed down
• steps: 1. sweep the wall, 2. roughen wall, 3. lay down first coat of plaster (arriccio), 4. lay down second layer (intonaco) in area to paint, 5. paint

a secco

dry plaster

not as durable, but a lot faster

arriccio

intonaco

• second, final layer of plaster
• must lay it down wet and then paint
• smoother, finer layer of plaster
• only lay down as much as you can paint in one day/afternoon/etc.

spolvero

giornata(e)

one day's worth of painting

trim down edge of each so can paint the next day

always start at top

restorers can map out giornatae

sinopia

red pigment used to map out drawing

also preliminary drawing which goes on the wall

cartoon

full scale preparatory drawing on paper

Pope Nicholas III

(Giangaetano Orsini)

Bertoldo Stefaneschi

apron

Christus patiens

lead white

type of pigment which oxidizes on a fresco

Cimabue used it on crucifixion in S. Franceso = looks like film negative