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| acres in a square mile or section |
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phase 1 environmental site assessment
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historical review, local encironmental oversight agency interviews, government environmental database review, insoection of subject property and surrounding areas, conslusions regarding the presence or potential presence of encironmental liabilities at the suject property, reccomendations
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are those soils that are sufficiently wet in the upper part to develop anaerobic conditions during the growing season.
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approximately equal parts sand and silt plus up to 25% clay. Often found in flood plains, good farm land. Perfect for plants.
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canadian version of the us public land survey system. counted west from meridian  Each 6 mi sq township is subdevided into 36 1 sq mi, numbered from bottom right to left. Each mi is subdivided into NW, NE, etc. Exampl: "the Northeast Quarter of Section 20, Township 8, Range 17 west of the Third Meridian", abbreviated "NE-20-8-17-W3." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Land_Survey
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a surveying sight on a previously established survey point
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used to accurately assess the relationship of archaeological sites in a landscape or to accurately record finds on an archaeological site.A special type of field survey is the rescue survey, used when an area of possible archaeological importance is under threat. This is usually connected to construction work, and is undertaken to decide whether an excavation is necessary or not before work can commence on the site. wikipedia
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a survey conducted several times during a construction project to verify, for local and state boards (USA), that the work authorized was completed to the specifications set on the Plot Plan or Site Plan. This usually entails a complete survey of the site to confirm that the structures, utilities, and roadways proposed were built in the proper locations authorized in the Plot Plan or Site Plan. As-builts are usually done 2-3 times during the building of a house; once after the foundation has been poured; once after the walls are put up; and at the completion of construction.
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- the actual physical extent of property ownership, typically witnessed by monuments or markers, such as (typically iron rods, pipes or concrete monuments in the ground, but also tacks or blazes in trees, piled stone corners or other types of monuments) are measured, and a map, or plat, is drawn from the data. (Also known as cadastral surveys).
- Construction surveying (otherwise "lay-out" or "setting-out"): the process of establishing and marking the position and detailed layout of new structures such as roads or buildings for subsequent construction. In this sense, surveying may be regarded as a sub-discipline of civil engineering.
- wikipedia
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| Mortgage Survey or Physical Survey |
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a simple survey that generally determines land boundaries and building locations. Mortgage surveys are required by title companies and lending institutions when they provide financing to show that there are no structures encroaching on the property and that the position of structures is generally within zoning and building code requirements. Some jurisdictions allow mortgage surveys to be done to a lesser standard, however most modern U.S. state minimum standards require the same standard of care for mortgage surveys as any other survey. The resulting higher price for mortgage surveys has led some lending institutions to accept "Mortgage Inspections" not signed or sealed by a surveyor.
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a plot or map based on a survey of a parcel of land. Boundary lines are drawn inside the larger parcel to indicated the creation of new boundary lines and roads . The number and location of plats, or the newly created parcels, are usually discussed back and forth between the developer and the surveyor until they are agreed upon. At this point monuments, usually in the form of square concrete blocks or iron rods or pins, are driven into the ground to mark the lot corners and curve ends, and the plat is recorded in the cadastre (USA, elsewhere) or land registry (UK). In some jurisdictions, the recording or filing of a subdivision plat is highly regulated. The final map or plat becomes, in effect, a contract between the developer and the city or county, determining what can be built on the property and under what conditions. Always upon finally completion of a subdivision an As-Built Plan is required by the local government. This is done so that the roadway constructed therein will pass ownership from the developer to said local government by way of a contract called a Covenant. When this stage is completed the roadways will now be maintained, repaved, swept, and plowed (if necessary for your geographic region) by the local government
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this type of survey is the most basic and inexpensive type of land survey. Popular in the middle part of the 20th century, tape surveys while being accurate for distance lack substantially in their accuracy of measuring angle and bearing. Considering that a survey is the documentation of one-half (1/2) distances and one-half (1/2) bearings this type of survey is no longer accepted amongst local, state, or federal regulatory committees for any substantial construction work. However for determining the extent of you property boundaries for way of peace-of-mind this type of survey is the least expensive, least time consuming and least invasive, while being nowhere close to accurate for the standards that are practiced by professional land surveyors.
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| Wetlands Delineation & Location Survey: |
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a survey that is completed when construction work is to be done on or near a site containing defined wetlands. Depending on your local, state, or federal regulations wetlands are usually classified as areas that are completely inundated with water more than two (2) weeks during the growing season. (For USA only) Contact your local or state Conservation Commission or Wetlands Regulatory Commission to determine the particular definition for wetlands in your given geographical region. The boundary of the wetlands is determined by observing the soil colors, vegetation, erosion patterns or scour marks, hydrology, and morphology. Typically blue or pink colored flags are then placed in key locations to denote the boundary of the wetlands. A survey is done to collect the data on the locations of the placed flags and a plan is drawn to reference the boundary of the wetlands against the boundary of the surrounding plots or parcels of land and the construction work proposed within.
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The aim of cadastral surveys is normally to re-establish and mark the corners of original land boundaries. The first stage is to research relevant records such as land titles (deeds), easements, survey monumentation (marks on the ground) and any public or private records that provide relevant data.are licensed by State governments. In the United States, cadastral surveys are typically conducted by the Federal government, specifically through the Cadastral Surveys branch of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM)
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who is in charge of benchmarks?
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| State Plane Coordinate SystemSPCS) |
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Public Land Survey System |
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not in use in the origional 13 colonies or texas or hawaii. Range lines run paralel to baselines. They define townships(36 sqmi), which are subdivided into 1sqmi "sections", numbered starting with one in the northeastern corner, going west and zig-zagging robyrow down the township. The westernmost column is allowed to vary from 1sqmi to account for curvature of the earth. S13-R20E-T1S MDM refers to: Township 1 South, Range 20 East, Section 13, Mount Diablo Meridian, or the 13th section in the first township south of the baseline and 20th township east of the principal meridian. witness objects are trees or ditches or whatever around the monuments. Cool! Wikipedia
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Marshes are dominated by herbaceous vegetation, typically bladeleaf plants such as cattails, reeds, and rushes. Although these plants may reach a height of six feet or more, marshes often have the look of a grassland or meadow; indeed, some marshes are called wet meadows. Soils are typically rich with relatively high pH levels, which has made marshes attractive to agriculture in many areas.
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Swamps are dominated by trees and shrubs. There are many varieties of swamps in the us and canada. At the climatic extremes, for example, are cypress swamps in the south and northern conifer swamps in the north. Northern conifer swamps may be dominated by various tree covers: Spruce, tamarack, cedar, or balsam fir, which may occur in various associations with other trees and shrubs. Owing to the short growing season and persistantly wet or flooded soils, the trees of the northern conifer swamps are often stunted and at full maturity may reach heights of only ten to twenty feet.
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Bogs are northern wetlands containing a wide diversity of vegetation. They are characterized by deep organic deposits, typically peat and tend to be acidic. Bogs often form in ponds or small lakes where the vegetation is organized in concentric bands ranging from trees in the outer band to emergent and floating vegetation near the middle. Although bogs tend to fill in and become grown over in the long term, many show a capacity to expand and contract with rises and falls in water level in response to changes in groundwater, streamflow, and obstructions such as beaver dams.
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US Wetland Classification System
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by US National Wetlands Survey three levels: level 1: ocean, estuary, riparian, ponds, and exclusive wetlands. Level two: consistancy
Level three: based on ecosystems/vegetation. fish and woldlife service, EPA, army corps of engineers.
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three primary factors: Vegetation(most common), Soils(hydric-muck, peat), Hydrology protection established in section 404 of the us clean water act
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filling in of a stream channel with sediment, usually associated with low ddischarges and or heavy sediment loads.
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a fan shaped deposit of sediment laid down by a stream at teh foot of a slope; very common features in dry regions, where streams deposit their sediment load as they lose dicharge downstream,
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any material deposited by running water; the soil material of floodplains and alluvial fans
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any material made up of a mixture of runoff and mass wasting deposits.
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like a bog, only fed by groundwater so not so acidic. It is a stage in filling in a lake.
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a quadrangle is an area that can be subdivided into 16 townships, and has limits generally measuring about 24 miles on each side. They are generally named after local geographic features.
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Low-Pressure Sodium Lamps |
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highest efficacy of all commercially available lighting sources. Even though they emit a yellow light, a low-pressure sodium lamp shouldn't be confused with a standard high-pressure sodium lamp—a high-intensity discharge lamp. Low-pressure sodium lamps operate much like a fluorescent lamp and require a ballast. The lamps are also physically large—about 4-feet long for the 180-watt size—;so light distribution from fixtures is less controllable. There is a brief warm-up period for the lamp to reach full brightness. With a CRI of 0, low-pressure sodium lamps are used where color rendition is not important but energy efficiency is. They're commonly used for outdoor, roadway, parking lot, and pathway lighting. Low-pressure sodium lamps are preferred around astronomical observatories because the yellow light can be filtered out of the random light surrounding the telescope.
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High-Intensity Discharge Lamps |
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Compared to fluorescent and incandescent lamps, high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps produce a large quantity of light in a small package. HID lamps produce light by striking an electrical arc across tungsten electrodes housed inside a specially designed inner glass tube. This tube is filled with both gas and metals. The gas aids in the starting of the lamps. Then, the metals produce the light once they are heated to a point of evaporation. Like fluorescent lamps, HID lamps require a ballast to start and maintain their operation. Types of HID lamps include mercury vapor (CRI range 15-55), metal halide (CRI range 65-80), and high-pressure sodium (CRI range 22-75) (about CRI). Mercury vapor lamps, which originally produced a bluish-green light, were the first commercially available HID lamps. Today, they are also available in a color corrected, whiter light. But they are still often being replaced by the newer, more efficient high-pressure sodium and metal halide lamps. Standard high-pressure sodium lamps have the highest efficacy of all HID lamps, but they produce a yellowish light. High-pressure sodium lamps that produce a whiter light are now available, but efficiency is somewhat sacrificed. Metal halide lamps are less efficient but produce an even whiter, more natural light. Colored metal halide lamps are also available. HID lamps are typically used when high levels of light are required over large areas and when energy efficiency and/or long life are desired. These areas include gymnasiums, large public areas, warehouses, outdoor activity areas, roadways, parking lots, and pathways. More recently, however, HID sources, especially metal halide, have been used in small retail and residential environments.
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large, thin, frosted glass envelope containing an inert gas such as argon and/or nitrogen & tungsten filament. Electricity heats the filament, which emits visible light =>incandescence. Most standard light bulbs are incandescent lamps. CRI=100,CCT=2600-3000,=good. Inefficient: energy=> 10% light, 90% heat.
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