Tests for: Amylase

-hydrolyses starch > simple sugars

Add Iodine to starch plate

-turns blue/black with starch

NO blue/black= Amylase +

Tests for: Caseinase

-hydrolyzes casein (milk protein) > amino acids

Clearing= Caseinase +

Tests for: Lipase (enzyme)

-hydrolyzes fat > glycerol+fatty acids

Lowers pH

Dark blue precipitate= Lipase +

Tests for: Fermentation of particular sugars

contains: sugar, pH indicator phenol red, Durham tube

Acid production lowers pH

Yellow= ACID

Yellow+Gas= ACID, GAS

Red= Negative or Alkaline

Tests for: Mixed Acid Fermentor

Acid from sugar fermentation lowers pH (below 5.1)

Red=mixed acid fermentor

(Escherichia)

HCOOH>CO2+H2

Tests for: 2,3 Butanediol fermentor

Acetoin (acetyl methyl carbinol)

Barrit's reagents (VPI&VPII) are added

O2+KOH reacts with Acetoin

Brick Red= 2,3 butanediol fermentor

(enterobacter)

Tests for: Catalase

Catalase converts hydrogen peroxide to O2+H2O

Add H2O2 to culture

Bubbles=Catalase +

Tests for: Oxidase

enzyme turns aromatic amines > colored products

Add dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine hydrochloride

Dark blue black= oxidase +

Tests for: Nitrate reduction

Reagents Nitrate I&II (sulfanilic acid, dimethyl-alpha-naphthylamine)

Red w/out Zinc=Nitrate reduction +

Red w/ Zinc= Nitrate reduction -

Not red w/ Zinc= Nitrate reduction +

Tests for: Tryptophanase

enzyme converts to indole and pyruvic acid

Add Kovac's reagent (p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, amyl alcohol, HCl)

Red= Indole/Tryptophanase/Pyruvic Acid +

Enterobacter

Tests for: Urease

Enzyme converts to ammonia and CO2

Broth has urea and phenol red

Release of ammonia increases pH (8.1)

Red=Urease +

Proteus

Tests for: Cystein desulfurase

removes sulfur side chain from cystein to produce H2S

Klinger's Iron Agar and SIM medium contain iron salts

Black precipitate= Cystein Desulfurase/H2S +

Proteus

Tests for: Sulfur, Indole, and Motility

Black precipitate= H2S +

Red=Indole +

Growth/cloudiness= motile

Tests for: Citrate as sole carbon source

Prussan Blue + Growth = Citrate +

Tests for: Phenylalanase

enzyme converts phenylalanine to PPA and NH3

Add ferric chloride

Deep Green= Phenylalanase +

Tests for: Lactose fermentation, reduction of litmus, presence of caseinase, damination of amino acids to produce NH3

Contains- Litmus (pH ind.) & Powdered milk

Pink Liquid=Acid reaction (drop pH)

Pink Solid=acid curd (coagulation of proteins, acid)

colorless/white= reduction of litmus

Blue liquid=alkaline (ammonia from deaminated amino acids by protein)

clearing of medium=peptonization by caseinase

Differentiates Escherichia from Enterobacter

Indol= Escherichia +

Methyl Red=Escherichia +

VP= Enterobacter +

Citrate= Enterobacter +

Contains Tetrazolium Chloride

Red away from inoculation line=motile