Term
| What are the three layers of the arteries and veins? |
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Definition
| Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa |
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Term
| What is the tunica intima? |
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Definition
| Inner layer and the one that comes in contact with the circulating blood. Thinnest of the 3 layers |
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Term
| What is the inner surface of the tunica intima composed of? |
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Definition
| smooth sheet of squamous epithelial cells, called the endothelium |
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Term
| Outside the endothelium, what does the rest of the intima consists of? |
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Definition
| connective tissue, including loose connective tissue, and often a distinct band of of elastic fibres, called the internal elastic membrane |
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Term
| What does the tunica media consist of? |
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Definition
| mixture of smooth muscle cells and elastic connective tissue |
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Term
| What is the tunica externa composed of? |
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Definition
| loose connective tissue and serves to attach the vessel to surround tisseus |
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Term
| Which have thicker, stronger walls veins or arteries? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes the difference in size between arteries and veins? |
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Definition
| A thick, strong tunica media |
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Term
| Why do arteries need thicker media tunicas? |
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Definition
| Due to higher blood pressures |
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Term
| Which has mroe stretchable walls arteries or veins? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do veins need stretchable walls? |
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Definition
| to accomade larger volumes of blood |
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Term
| Which will appear larger in a typical tissue section the lumen of a vein or an artery? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the shape of an artery on a slide? |
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Definition
| smaller in diameter and oval |
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Term
| What is the shape of a vein on a slide? |
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Definition
| larger and has an irregular shape |
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Term
| How are elastic fibers stained in a artery/vein slide? |
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Definition
| Dark purple/black which makes it easier to distinguish the layers |
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Term
| What is the most prominent part of the tunica intima? |
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Definition
| A dark looping band, called the internal elastic membrane |
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Term
| Is the looping of teh internal elastic membrane normal? |
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Definition
| No, develops during the preparation of the slide |
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Term
| What does the tunica intima of the arteries have that the veins do not? |
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Definition
| an internal elastic membrane |
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Term
| What happens to arteries while atherosclerosis? |
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Definition
| gradual thickening of the tunica intima |
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Term
| What is the thickened area of the artery called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is plaque formed initiated in part by? |
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Definition
| eating a diet high in cholesterol and fats, which results in them accumulating in the arteries |
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Term
| What happens when the accumulated cholesterol and fat molecules are oxidized? |
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Definition
| A defense response is trigger, called inflammation |
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Term
| What happens as a result of the inflammation in the arteries? |
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Definition
| monocytes and lympochytes are attracted to the intima |
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Term
| What happens to the monocytes after they reach the inflammed intima? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the smooth muscle cells due to chronic inflammation? |
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Definition
| Smooth muscle cells secrete collagen fibers, which form a fibrous cap over the inner surface of the plaque |
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Term
| What happens to the lumen as the plaque thickens? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens as a result of the narrowing? |
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Definition
| may begin restricting blood flow |
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Term
| What is another name for a weakened fibrous cap? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can happen to a vulnerable plaque? |
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Definition
| Can tear open without warning allowing blood into the plaque |
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Term
| What is the danger associated with allowing blood into a vulnerable plaque? |
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Definition
| Blood clotting, which may result in a completely blocked artery, causing a heart attack or stroke |
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Term
| What are teh disease conditions that account for more than half of deaths in the US? |
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Definition
| Atheroscelrosis causing heart attack/stroke |
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Term
| What does atherosclerosis in teh cornoary arteries of the heart lead to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two principal manifestations of coronary artery disease? |
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Definition
| angina pectoris and heart attack |
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Term
| WHat can cause angina pectoris? |
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Definition
| Inability to carry enough blood to supply oxygen of the heart at times of great physical exertion, stress, or emotional excitement |
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Term
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Definition
| excruciating pain felt in the chest or surround upper body, short-lived |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How is a thrombus related to a heart attack? |
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Definition
| Clot completely obstruct an atherosclerotic coronary artery |
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Term
| How is the fibrous cap's strength related to a heart attack? |
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Definition
| The weaker the cap, the higher potential for clots |
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Term
| How long does it take for a cardiac muscle to die if deprived of oxygen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the cardiac cell death damage? |
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Definition
| portions of the myocardium |
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Term
| What is ventricular fibrillation? |
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Definition
| the ventricles contract in a rapid and irregular manner |
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Term
| If not treated immediately, how quickly will ventricular fibrillaiton kill? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| diagnostic test used to determine the degree of narrowing of the coronary arteries |
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Term
| What happens when sever narrowing is found via an angiogram? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when sever narrowing is found via an angiogram? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a coronary bypass surgery? |
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Definition
| Segments of veins taken from elsewhere are grafted onto the heart |
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Term
| What is the problem with bypass surgery? |
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Definition
| Provides no better protection from heart attack, bypasses thick plaques, not vulnerable plaques |
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Term
| What is C-reactive protein a good indicator of? |
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Definition
| Increases during inflammation |
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Term
| Where is the superior vena cava located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the azygous vein located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the brachiocephalic vein located? |
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Definition
| Branches from the superior vena cava |
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Term
| Where is the external jugular vein located? |
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Definition
| In the neck, branching off the brachiocephalic vein |
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Term
| Where is the subclavian vein located? |
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Definition
| Below teh clavice, extending from the brachiocephalic vein |
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Term
| Where is the transverse facial/transverse jugular located? |
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Definition
| Connects the pairs of facial/neck veins below the chin |
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Term
| Where is the anterior facial vein located? |
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Definition
| Extends from the lower jaw into the front of the face |
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Term
| Where is the posterior facial vein located? |
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Definition
| Extending from the lower jaw to the back of the head |
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Term
| Where is teh subscapular vein located? |
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Definition
| Extending from the subclavian vein |
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Term
| Where is the axillary vein located? |
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Definition
| Extending from the subclavian vein into the armpit |
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Term
| Where is the brachial vein located? |
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Definition
| Extends from the axillary vein into the bicep area |
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Term
| What are the unpaired anterior veins? |
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Definition
| superior vena cava, azygous vein, transverse facial/jugular |
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Term
| What are the unpaired anterior arteries? |
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Definition
| aortic arch, pulmonary trunk, brachiocephalic artery |
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Term
| Where is the aortic arch located? |
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Definition
| Directly superior to the heart |
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Term
| Where is the pulmonary trunk located? |
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Definition
| Extending from the heart to the the lung |
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Term
| Where is the brachiocephalic artery located? |
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Definition
| median artery extending from the aorta(aortic arch) |
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Term
| Where are the left&right carotid arteries found? |
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Definition
| Extending off the brachiocephalic artery into the neck |
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Term
| Where is the right subclavian artery found? |
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Definition
| Extending from the braciocephalic artery |
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Term
| Where is the left subclavian artery found? |
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Definition
| Extending from the aortic arch |
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Term
| Where is the axillary artery found? |
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Definition
| Extending from the subclavian arteries |
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Term
| Where is the brachial artery found? |
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Definition
| Extending from the axillary artery into each arm respectively |
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Term
| Where are intercostal arteries found? |
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Definition
| All along the thoracic portion of the aorta and pass into the tissue between ribs |
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Term
| What are the unpaired inferior veins? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the inferior vena cava located? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHere is the adrenolumbar vein located? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHere is the renal vein located? |
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Definition
| Extending from the kidneys |
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Term
| Where is the iliolumbar vein located? |
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Definition
| Inferior to the inferior vena cava |
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Term
| Where is the common iliac vein located? |
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Definition
| Extending from the inferior vena cava by the hips |
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Term
| Where is the internal iliac vein located? |
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Definition
| Extending from the common iliac vein into the inner thigh |
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Term
| WHere is the external iliac vein located? |
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Definition
| Extension of the common iliac vein continuing down into the thigh |
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Term
| Where is the femoral vein located? |
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Definition
| Extending off the external iliac vein into the thigh |
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Term
| Where is the popliteal vein located? |
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Definition
| Extends off of femoral vein to behind the knee |
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Term
| Where is teh great saphenous vein located? |
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Definition
| Extending from the femoral vein into the rest of the leg |
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Term
| What are the inferior unpaired arteries? |
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Definition
| descending portion of the aorta, celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery |
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Term
| Where is the aorta (descending part) located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the celiac trunk located? |
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Definition
| Superior to the superior mesenteric artery |
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Term
| Where is the superior mesenteric artery found? |
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Definition
| Extending from the celiac trunk by the adrenal glands |
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Term
| Where is the adrenolumbar artery found? |
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Definition
| Extending from the adrenal glands |
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Term
| Where is the renal artery found? |
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Definition
| Extending from the kidneys |
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Term
| Where is the genital artery found? |
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Definition
| Extending off of the aorta descending part |
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Term
| Where is the inferior mesenteric artery found? |
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Definition
| Extending off of the Aorta (descending part) |
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Term
| Where is the iliolumbar artery found? |
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Definition
| Extending off of the descending aorta, inferior to the inferior mesenteric artery |
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Term
| Where is the external iliac artery found? |
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Definition
| Extending from the aorta descending by the hip joint |
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Term
| Where is the femoral artery located? |
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Definition
| Extending from the external iliac artery into the mid femur |
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Term
| Where is the saphenous artery found? |
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Definition
| Extending from the femoral artery into the rest of the leg |
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Term
| Where is the popliteal artery found? |
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Definition
| Extending off of the femoral artery into the knee |
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Term
| Where is the interal iliac artery found? |
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Definition
| Extending from the descending aorta straight down |
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Term
| Where is the medial sacral artery? |
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Definition
| Extending from the internal iliac artery |
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