Term
| What is the purpose of blood chemistry testing. |
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Definition
To evaluate organ systems
To identify metabolic problems
To assit in diagnosis
To assist in prognosis (outcome)
To monitor therapy |
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Term
| What are the different methods used for chemistry testing? |
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Definition
Individual stix/tablets
Wet chemistry testing (dodo-ville)
Dry chemsitry testing
Single tests
Organ profiles
General profiles |
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Term
| What is the sample of choice for chemistry testing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the fucntions of the kidney? |
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Definition
Remove nitrogen waste
Regulate salt ions
REgulate acid-base balance
REgulate RBC production in bone marrow
(stimulate erythropoietin)
Regulate blood pressure
Conserve blood glucose and Amino Acids
Elimination of drugs/ toxic substances |
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in nitrogenous waste (BUN, creatinine) in the blood |
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Term
| What is prerenal azotemia |
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Definition
| Kidneys are not getting perfused (dehydration, shock, heart disease) |
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Term
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Definition
| 75% of the nephrons are non-functional. Usually occurs after lose the ability to concentrate urine. Urine SG is isosthenuric (same as blood) |
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Term
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Definition
| Urinary obstruction or post-renal leakage. Blocked urethra, ruptured bladder. Azotemia rapidly declines after repair if permanaent renal damage hads not occured. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in nitrogenous waste in blood that makes animal sick. (smell amonia breath on animal's breath) |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood Urea Nitrogen- Most common test run. Kidneys should eliminate urea (it is toxic). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Whole blood- azostix
Serum or Plasma- machines
Lipemia may falsely elevate values
Contamination of sample with urease- producing bacteria can elevate.
Magnitude of increase of BUN does not correlate with the severity of the problem (not true with CREA) |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed by degradation of creatine (muscle energy source)Filtered at glomerulus- no tubular reabsoption- more accurate measurement of GFR the BUN. Elevations in CREA does correlate with severity of problem (8mg/dl= bad). |
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Term
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Definition
| serum or plasma- Ketones falsely elevate |
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Term
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Definition
| normally freely filtered at glomerulus in companion animals- decrease in GFR= increase in phosphorus |
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Term
| What are some conditions associate with chronic renal failure |
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Definition
non-regenerative anemia
decreased production of erythropoietin
GI ulceration/bleeds
decrease in RBC lifespan dt azotemia
Bone marrow is also suppressed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Due to loss at glomerulus, will have increased protein in urine. Albumin should not normally leave glomerulus. |
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Term
| What does the ERD test look for? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does total bilirubin come from |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Swelling of the liver, causes a back up of bile |
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Term
| What two systems may be involved in icterus |
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Definition
1) liver
2) increase in intravascular hemolysis (etiology- HBHA and IMHA |
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Term
| What type of biliruben is fat soluble? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of biliruben is water soluble |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Elevated in most liver diseases
Snap test available from IDEXX or send out |
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Term
| What is an ammonia test used for |
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Definition
To diagnose liver-brain syndrome
(hepatic encephalopathy) |
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Term
| What is hepatic encephalopathy |
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Definition
| liver-brain syndrome, seen in porto-systemic shunts, signs due to increased ammonia, liver is not converting ammonia to urea. |
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Term
| What are the enzymes we need to know? |
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Definition
sALT- specific in dogs/cats (liver
sAST- in many tissues
sAP
GGT
SD |
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Term
| What is the BSP clearance test? |
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Definition
| Dye injected IV- Evaluates liver function. Collect blood in 30 minutes calculate retention. HOw much BSP has been cleared from liver- evaluates how well the liever is functioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesized primarily by liver but widespread distribution. Increases associated with: Endocrine abnormalities, Postprandial lipemai, Hepatic, Renal. |
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Term
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Definition
Increase in cell necrosis
Should run together
Fecal tests in atrophy |
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Term
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Definition
Decrease with atrophy
may be measured in feces
xray film test |
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Term
| Serum Trypsin- like immunoreactivity TLI/STLI |
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Definition
Detects trypsinogen in serum, low values indicate reduced pancreatic mass: is a test for EPI
Replaces older fecal tests. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (exocrine atropy. |
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Term
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Definition
Enzyme to break down starches-
pancrease, duodenum (saliva) |
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Term
| What are increased amylase levels in the blood due to. |
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Definition
Pancreatic leakage (pancreatitis)
renal failure
GI disease
hepatobilary disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that breaks down lipids. Pancreas, gastric mucosa. Eliminated by kidneys. |
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Term
| What is the Spec cPL test for Vet Test? |
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Definition
| pancreatic specific lipase |
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Term
| What are the two enzymes associate with muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What will cause an increase in CK (CPK) |
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Definition
| Any kind of muscle exertion- dgenerative/ necrotizing muscle injury (myositis, IM injections, poor venipuncture, vigorous exercise, electric shock) |
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Term
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Definition
both hypo and hyper significant
signs may be similar
history often differs |
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Term
| Increase in glucose due to |
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Definition
| Diet, exercise, glucocorticosteroids (pred)-1st or 2nd most common chemistry test run |
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Term
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Definition
| Giving an animal glucose by mouth or injection and looking for it to rise, and seeing if animals own insulin brings glucose levels down, if not = diabetes |
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Term
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Definition
| Giving an animal glucose by mouth or injection and looking for it to rise, and seeing if animals own insulin brings glucose levels down, if not = diabetes |
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Term
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Definition
| Serial blood glucose tests, to monitor insulin therapy. Some give sid, bid preferred. Follow after eating. 24 hour curve idea, test every 2 hours. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glycated serum protein, reflects gylcemic control over past 2-3 weeks. To dx diabeteds mellitus and evaluate insulin therapy. If elivated not under control > 400 umol/liter. |
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Term
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Definition
| very useful test, increase/decrease significant. Refractometer. Plasma protein > serum. |
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Term
| How does a blood machine determine total protein |
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Definition
| the biuret method- blood chemistry test more accurate. |
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Term
| What makes up the total protein (total solids) of the blood? |
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Definition
Albumin- from liver
Globlulin- liverand plasma cells
Fibrionogen- increases with cell damage |
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Term
| What is hypoproteinemia usually due to? |
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Definition
| Hypoalbuminemia- decrease synthesis in liver, decreased absorption in GI, Increased loss. |
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Term
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Definition
Breaks protien down into various fractions-
albumin, alpha, beta, and gamma globulins |
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Term
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Definition
| Used in large animals to determine type of problem- neoplasia, infection. Must use plasma. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sodium Chloride and Potassium |
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Term
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Definition
Major interstitial/extracellular cation (ECF)
Osmotic balance and water distribution throughout the body. Acid-base balance via renal exchange of Na+ for H+ at DCT |
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Term
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Definition
Number one EXTRAcellular anion
Water distribution, osmotic pressure, cation:anion ration (anion gap)
Separate immediately, avoid hemolyzing sample |
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Term
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Definition
Major INTRAcellular cation
Needed for normal function of just about everything |
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Term
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Definition
Acidosis
Cellular damage or necrosis
Postrenal obstruction
Hemolysis
Fluid therapy
Will result in bradycardia- death |
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Term
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Definition
| Inappetance, Renal loss, Alkalosis, Vomiting and diarrhea, Fluid therapy, CS: weakness, muscle flaccidity |
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Term
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Definition
Plasma is preferred because platelets may release potassium during clotting process
Avoid potassium containing anticoagulants
Avoid hemolysis
Separate prior toe refrigeration (cool temps release from cells) |
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Term
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Definition
Plasma is preferred because platelets may release potassium during clotting process
Avoid potassium containing anticoagulants
Avoid hemolysis
Separate prior toe refrigeration (cool temps release from cells) |
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Term
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Definition
pO2, pCO2, HCO3
Required blood gas machine, arterial blood preferred. Useful to diagnose and treat metabolic acidosis. Can determine how much bicarbonate is needed. |
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Term
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Definition
pO2, pCO2, HCO3
Required blood gas machine, arterial blood preferred. Useful to diagnose and treat metabolic acidosis. Can determine how much bicarbonate is needed. |
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Term
|
Definition
pO2, pCO2, HCO3
Required blood gas machine, arterial blood preferred. Useful to diagnose and treat metabolic acidosis. Can determine how much bicarbonate is needed. |
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Term
|
Definition
pO2, pCO2, HCO3
Required blood gas machine, arterial blood preferred. Useful to diagnose and treat metabolic acidosis. Can determine how much bicarbonate is needed. |
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Term
|
Definition
pO2, pCO2, HCO3
Required blood gas machine, arterial blood preferred. Useful to diagnose and treat metabolic acidosis. Can determine how much bicarbonate is needed. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
pO2, pCO2, HCO3
Required blood gas machine, arterial blood preferred. Useful to diagnose and treat metabolic acidosis. Can determine how much bicarbonate is needed. |
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Term
|
Definition
pO2, pCO2, HCO3
Required blood gas machine, arterial blood preferred. Useful to diagnose and treat metabolic acidosis. Can determine how much bicarbonate is needed. |
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Term
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Definition
Second most common extracellular anion
Regulation of pH
HCO3 level estimated from measurement of CO2 level |
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Term
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Definition
Phosphorous
Magnesium
Calcium
Increase or decrease may be significant |
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Term
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Definition
99% found in bones
Muscle contraction, blood coaglulation, enzyme activity.
Decrease often related to diet
Increase may be dietary or due to disease. Must correct for albumin |
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Term
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Definition
Renal Failure
Vitamin D rodenticides
Neoplasms |
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Term
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Definition
| Milk fever, Puerperal tetany, eclampsia, dystocia |
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Term
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Definition
Organic phosphorous in RBCs
Inorganic in plasma and serum
Hemolysis elevates levels
Sample should be separated ASAP after collection |
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Term
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Definition
production and decomposition of acetylcholine
Mg:Ca ratio important in muscle function |
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Term
| Hypomagnesemia in ruminants |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Normal in plant and grain eaters (due to carotenoids
(True icterus is rare in birds) |
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Term
| Why do birds bruise green? |
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Definition
| They don't have biliruben- they have biliverden. |
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