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| Who is the longest lived person in recorded history and how old did she live to be? |
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| Mme. Calmont 122 years old |
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| Out of six billion inhabitants, how many will live to be past 110? |
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| What combination of factors influences aging? |
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| Hereditary, environment, and lifestyle |
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| What is the difference between aging and senescence? |
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| Aging is a complex natural process potentially involving every molecule, cell, and organ in the body. Senescence is the progressive deterioration of many bodily functions over time. |
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| What are the two groups of aging theories? |
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| Programmed theories and Error theories |
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| What determines the form and function of each cell in the body? |
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Definition
| By which genes are turned on and off. As the cell ages, the pattern of genes turned on and off changes. |
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| What are senescent cells and what happens to the senescent cells of older people? |
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| They might be harmful because it might promote unregulated growth and tumor formation. |
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| What are the harmful byproducts of cellular respiration? |
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| A molecule that loses one electron from one or more of its atoms. |
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| What happens to the mitochondria as there is more damage from free radicals? |
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| They become less efficient and generate less ATP and more free radicals. |
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| What are antioxidants and some examples? |
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| They counteract free radicals and some examples are vitamins C and E, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and gluthane peroxidase. |
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| What is a second suspect in cellular aging? |
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| What does glucose do to cellular proteins and what impact does it have on the cell? |
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| They attach to proteins, which causes chemical reactions that end in proteins binding together or crosslinking, altering the proteins biological and structural roles. It disrupts cellular function. |
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| What is the relationship between DNA repair rates and aging? |
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Definition
| DNA repair rates become less efficient during aging, causing malfunctioning genes, proteins, cells, and eventually deteriorating tissues and organs. |
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| What happens to t-cells as you age? |
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Definition
| The functioning population declines |
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| Restricting caloric intake delays the aging process of physiological systems. Why? |
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| There is less glucose, it prevents the capacity of cells to proliferate, it lowers body temperature slightly, and cells may sustain less genetic damage than at normal body temperatures. |
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| Relationship between caloric intake and disease |
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| By restricting calories, the rate of disease is reduced. |
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| How many doubled chromosomes are in a tetrad? Sister chromosomes? |
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| two doubled chromosomes and four sister chromosomes |
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| How is metaphase I different from metaphase II |
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| In metaphase I, tetrads line up in the center where as in metaphase II only doubled chromosomes line up in the center |
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| Describe two processes during meiosis that ensure that all of the gamete cells are different from one another. |
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Definition
| During late prophase I, crossing over occurs. This is where the genes on the chromosomes are swapped with neighboring chromosomes. Ask Mrs. Yost about the second process! |
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| What are two ways in which cells differ? What's still the same? |
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Definition
| Different structure and function, but same DNA |
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Definition
| Specialized skin cells located in the basal layer of the epidermis |
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| What is the function of melanocytes? |
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Definition
| Produce and secrete melanin which is the pigment that gives skin color and protects DNA in skin cells from UV radiation. |
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| How long do melanocytes remain dormant? Do they divide? |
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Definition
For the rest of your life
no |
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| How long do melanocytes remain dormant? Do they divide? |
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Definition
For the rest of your life
no |
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Term
| What does totipotent mean? (*stem cells) What are some examples? |
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Definition
Can become any kind of cell in the body
Ex: Early embryonic stem cells |
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| What are pluripotent stem cells? Examples? |
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Definition
Stem cells that can become almost any kind of cell in the body.
Ex: Embryonic stem cells and fetal stem cells. |
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| What are multipotent stem cells and some examples? |
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Definition
| Stem cells that can differentiate into only a limited range of cell types. The umbilical cord stem cells and adult stem cells are examples. |
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| What is meant by the term cleavage? |
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Definition
| Mitotic divisions of the zygote |
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| What are the daughter cells called after an embryonic cleavage? |
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| The process in which the primary germ layers are formed |
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| What are the three primary germ layers and what does each form in the body of the adult? |
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Ectoderm: outer body
Endoderm: inner lining
Mesoderm: muscles, blood, blood vessels, skeletal elements. |
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Term
| What is the archenteron and what does it begin to form? |
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Definition
| The new cavity formed during late gastrulation. It either forms the "gut tract." |
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| What is the blastopore? What does the blastopore become later in development? |
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| The point of invagination, or the opening of the archeneron. It later becomes the anus. |
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| Instructions for writing a mutation in the correct notation. |
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| Lab technicians compile karyotypes and then use a specific notation to characterize the karyotype. This notation includes the total number of chromosomes, the sex chromosomes, and any extra or missing autosomal chromosomes. For example, 47, XY, +18 indicates that the patient has 47 chromosomes, is a male, and has an extra autosomal chromosome 18. 46, XX is a female with a normal number of chromosomes. 47, XXY is a patient with an extra sex chromosome. |
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