Term
| What is grey matter composed of? What is white matter composed of? |
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Definition
Grey: cell bodies, where integration occurs
White: myelinated axons |
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Term
| What type of nerve fibers to the dorsal horns of the spinal cord correspond to? The ventral? |
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Definition
dorsal - sensory nerve fibers
ventral - motor nerve fibers |
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Term
| What is present in the central canal? What is its' importance? |
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Definition
cerebral spinal fluid
-shock absorption, delivers glucose to brain, removes waste, maintains ionic concentration for action potential generation |
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Term
| What would happen if Na+ channels were to remain constantly open? |
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Definition
| repolarization would not occur, the cell would not be able to be re-stimulated |
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Term
| What is the main neurotransmitter involved in the neuromuscular synapse? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does a released neurotransmitter transmit the nerve impulse to a muscle cell? |
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Definition
1. Ach binds to receptors associated to Na channels (ligand gated channels)
2. Gated channels open, Na influx occurs
3. Muscle fiber is depolarized, provoking muscle contraction |
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Term
| Why is the aorta elastic? |
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Definition
-allows absorption of the pressure coming from left ventricle after ejection
-large pressure is stored by the elastic fibers and gradually returned to the arterial system
-maintains higher pressure on arterial side at all times to maintain blood flow |
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Term
| How is electrical activity propagated throughout the heart? |
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Definition
SA node self-excites, depolarization is fired and propagates to atria to the AV node with miniml delay
AP propagates to bundle of His & Purkinje fibers
-contractile cells depolarize from apex through ventricular wall (ventricular depolarization) |
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Term
Describe the following:
P wave
Q wave
R wave
S wave
T wave
PQ interval |
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Definition
P - depolarization of atria
QRS - ventricular depolarization
T - repolarization of ventricle
PQ interval - time taken to pass AP through the AV node |
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Term
| What are the major functions of the upper air ways? |
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Definition
-conduct air from exterior to lungs (respiratory zone)
-filter air
-warm air being breathed in
-humidify air (goblet cell secretions) |
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Term
| What are the major functions of the lungs? |
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Definition
-gas transport & exchange for metabolism (O2 in, CO2 out)
-filter blood
-chemical processing (ammonia detoxification, maintaining blood pH) |
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Term
| What is the main anatomical reason for the difference in shape between the trachia, bronchi and bronchioles? |
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Definition
-decrease in the amount of cartilage, which prevents collapse of structures
-bronchioles say open due to elasticity of lungs |
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Term
| How do airways get cleared? |
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Definition
-goblet cells lining the endothelium secrete mucus, which is pushed by cilia
-cilia move mucus with trapped particles up and out of airways to oral/nasal cavity for sneezing/coughing/swallowing |
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Term
| What dictates the movement of air between the airways and respiratory zone? |
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Definition
| differences in pressure between the atmosphere and the lungs |
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Term
| What muscle is involved with inhalation? Does it increase or decrease lung pressure during contraction? |
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Definition
diaphragm
decreases pressure, drawing air in |
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Term
| Is the diaphragm contracted or relaxed during inhalation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
small amount of gas that can never be completely eliminated from the alveoli
-allows for constant gas exchange, even between respirations |
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Term
| Where is the thyroid gland found? |
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Definition
| in the neck, on both sides of the trachea, below the larynx |
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Term
| What hormone(s) does the thyroid gland produce and what is their physiological impact? |
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Definition
T3 & T4 hormones
-increase basal metabolic rate, which increases O2 consumption & heat production, affecting body weight as well |
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Term
| What hormone(s) does the adrenal gland produce and what is their physiological impact? |
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Definition
Inner medulla: catecholamines
-involved in SNS (fight/flight response)
Zona glomerulosa: mineral corticoids
-regulated inorganic ion levels
Zona fasiculata: glucocorticoids
-stimulate effect of norepinephrine on BP, stimulate gluconeogenesis, lipid & protein breakdown, anti-inflammatory |
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Term
| Where are teh adrenal glands found? |
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Definition
| in the abdomen, on top of the kidneys |
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Term
| Where is the endocrine pancreas found? |
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Definition
| in the abdomen, next to the duodenum |
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Term
| What hormone(s) does the endocrine pancreas produce and what is their physiological impact? |
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Definition
B cells: insulin
-regulate glucose metabolism, decreasing blood glucose levels, increases AA uptake from bloodstream
Alpha cells: glucagon
-regulate glucose metabolism, increasing blood glucose levels
-breakdown of TGs into FA's |
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Term
| Describe semen collection & changes in the composition of the ejaculate |
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Definition
1. Prewarm all equipment
2. Stimulate dow with a dummy or real sow in heat
3. Grasp penis firmly with warm, gloved hand
4. Separate the ejaculate
Clear = waste
Creamy = filter into a prewarmed thermos
Gel fraction = waste
5. Evaluate sperm density and colour
Motility - under microscope
Colour (yellow urine/pink blood) |
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Term
| Where does seminal plasma come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the gel fraction of boar semen come from? |
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Definition
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