Term
| Supplemented thioglycollate |
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Definition
| used to assess aerotolerance but has added nutrients for growing bacterial cultures |
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Term
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Definition
tests antibiotic sensitivity
-uses standardized conditions of 1/4 inch thick Mueller-Hinton agar plates; pH between 7.2-7.4; lawn made from .5 McFarland turbidity standard; antibiotic discs have a standard amount of antibiotic in them
-procedure: Label plate; innoculate plate to create lawn; apply antibiotic discs without overlapping zones of inhibition; press discs firmly into agar so they stick; invert plates and incubate. |
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Term
| broad spectrum antibiotic |
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Definition
effective against both gram positive and gram negative cells
-used when specific bacteria causing infection is unknown |
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Term
| narrow spectrum antibiotic |
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Definition
effective against either NOT BOTH gram positive and gram negative cells
-used when cause of infection is known - prevents killing off good bacteria in the body |
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Term
|
Definition
Streptomyocin
-gram negative narrow |
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Term
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Definition
Chloramphenicol
-broad spectrum |
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Term
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Definition
Cephalothin
-broad spectrum |
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Term
|
Definition
Tetracycline
-broad spectrum |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Novobiocin
-gram positive narrow |
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Term
|
Definition
Streptomyocin
-gram negative narrow |
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Term
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Definition
Erithromyocin
-gram positive narrow |
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Term
|
Definition
Vancomyocin
-gram positive narrow |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
used on living tissue
-longer contact time (time it continues to work)
-iodine |
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Term
|
Definition
-used on inanimate objects
-decreases number of bacteria, but not sterilizing
-bleach |
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Term
|
Definition
| continuous bacterial growth without discrete colonies |
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Term
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Definition
covering the entire surface of a plate with bacteria to grow
-start in middle and do one half, back and forth; then start in middle and do other half; rotate 90 degrees; start in middle and do one half; then start in middle and do other half |
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Term
| gram negative bacteria are more resistant to antibiotics because |
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Definition
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Term
| Gram positive cells are more or less susceptible to antibiotics than gram negative cells? |
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Definition
| Gram positive cells are more susceptible |
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Term
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Definition
-area of no bacterial growth around an antibiotic disc
-measured in mm |
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Term
| resistance OR susceptibility to antibiotic shown through zone of inhibition |
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Definition
| must compare measurement to standardized chart |
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Term
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Definition
-used to prevent contamination/keep cultures pure
-procedure: use inner blue cone on bunsen burner; sterilize loop; remove cap of tube with little finger; flame tube; cool loop on tube; flame tube; close tube; innoculate culture with loop; sterilize loop |
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Term
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Definition
-purpose: to isolate a single colony
-procedure: streak loop across plate in 1/4 of plate; sterilize loop; rotate plate; cool loop on agar; drag through previous section 2-3 times and then streak another 1/4 of plate; sterilize loop; rotate plate; cool loop on agar; drag through previous section 2-3 times and then streak another 1/4 of plate; sterilize loop; rotate plate; cool loop on agar; drag through previous section 2-3 times and then streak remainder of plate; sterilize loop |
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Term
| errors in streak plate technique |
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Definition
-digging loop into agar
-too many streaks through last quadrant before moving on to next quadrant
-overlapping streak sections creating confluent growth |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| precautions used for BSL 1 and 2 |
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Definition
-goggles
-gloves
-lab coats
-close toed shoes
-long pants
-hair pulled back
-disinfectant for tables
-sterilization of tools
-autoclave contaminated materials |
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Term
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Definition
-double bag anything that goes in biohazard bin
-biohazard glass or sharps go in red biohazard sharps container
-gloves inside out in biohazard bag |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-using less media than a plate (cost)
?? |
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Term
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Definition
-identifying growth patterns (shape, margin)
-isolating pure colonies |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
prepared using autoclave to remove all O2
-as it cools, the O2 reenters, creating an O2 gradient from aerobic to completely anaerobic in bottom of tube |
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Term
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Definition
needs O2 to survive
-only on top of tube |
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Term
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Definition
needs no O2 to survive
-only on bottom of tube |
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Term
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Definition
prefers O2, but can adapt to grow without it
-grows anywhere, better on top |
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Term
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Definition
loves a LITTLE O2
-grows in a band about 1/3 way down the tube |
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Term
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Definition
prefers no O2, but can tolerate growth with O2
-grows anywhere, but better on bottom |
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Term
|
Definition
| highest temperature for cells to be able to grow |
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Term
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Definition
| lowest temperature for cells to be able to grow |
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Term
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Definition
| best temperature for cells to be able to grow - highest growth rate |
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Term
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Definition
range defined by the three temperatures in the range:
-optimum
-maximum
-minimum |
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Term
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Definition
| the temps between the highest and lowest that an organism will tolerate to grow |
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Term
| psychrophile cardinal temperatures |
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Definition
Range: -5 to 15C
Optimal: 10C
icecap |
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Term
| psychrotroph cardinal temperatures |
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Definition
Range: -3 to 35C
Optimal: 25C
Santa Cruz |
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Term
| mesophile cardinal temperatures |
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Definition
Range: 15 to 45C
Optimal: 40C
rainforest; human pathogens |
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Term
| thermophile cardinal temperatures |
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Definition
Range: 40 to 80C
Optimal: 70C
hot spring |
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Term
| extreme thermophile cardinal temperatures |
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Definition
Range: 65 to 110C
Optimal: 95C
hot spring |
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Term
| procedure for determining temperature category of microorganism |
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Definition
-inoculate multiple specimens and grow at several different temperatures
-compare growth on all plates to rule out temperature ranges where there was no growth
-choose temperature category that includes all temperatures where there was some growth in medium |
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Term
|
Definition
-fewer ions outside cell
-low osmotic pressure
-water moves into cell |
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Term
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Definition
-more ions outside cell
-high osmotic pressure
-water drawn out of cell, so plasma membrane shrinks away from cell wall (plasmolysis) |
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Term
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Definition
-same amount of ions (osmotic pressure) inside and outside cell
-fluid moves at same rate into and out of cell
-0.85% osmotic pressure |
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Term
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Definition
plasma membrane shrinks away from cell wall
due to cell being in hypertonic solution |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
range: 0.85% to 15%
-can grow with hypertonicity) |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| range: must be over 15% up to 20% |
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Term
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Definition
| can grow up to 5% but not well |
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Term
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Definition
| grows most abundantly at 0.85% |
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Term
| osmotic pressure order of organism tolerance |
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Definition
non-halophile
halotolerant
facultative halophile
obligate halophile
extreme halophile |
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Term
| order of organism tolerance (temperatiures) |
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Definition
psychrophile
psychrotroph
mesophile
thermophile
extreme thermophile |
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Term
| which osmotic pressure is closest to the average biological cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| purpose of including water as a sample in disinfectant experiment |
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Definition
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Term
| procedure for preparing bacterial smear slide from broth culture |
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Definition
-label slide
-use transfer technique to apply bacteria to slide (3-4 loops)
-heat fix bacteria using hot plate and/or flaming slide |
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Term
| procedure for preparing bacterial smear slide from plate/slant culture |
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Definition
-label slide
-add a drop of DI water to slide
-use transfer technique to apply small amount of bacteria to slide
-heat fix bacteria using hot plate and/or flaming slide |
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Term
| what does heating a slide after applying bacteria do? |
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Definition
-fixes the bacteria to the slide so they don't wash away
-kills the bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
single stain applied to cells which makes them visible under the microscope
-allows determination of cell size, shape and arrangement |
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Term
| procedure to prepare a simple stain |
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Definition
-begin with prepared slide
-drop stain onto smear and let sit for 1 minute
-rinse with DI water
-blot w bibulous paper |
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Term
| gram staining tell us what? |
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Definition
| -differential stain gives you information about whether a cell is gram positive or gram negative (has thick peptidoglycan VS outer membrane) |
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Term
|
Definition
| allows for detection of differences between organisms or structures within one organism |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
-primary stain - crystal violet
-mordant - iodine
-decolorizer - alcohol
-secondary stain (counterstain) - safranin |
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Term
| general differential staining steps |
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Definition
-primary stain
-mordant
-decolorizer
-counterstain/secondary stain |
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Term
|
Definition
gram negative (outer membrane)
-E coli - short bacillus |
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Term
| gram stain purple/black results |
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Definition
gram positive (thick peptidoglycan)
-S aureus - coccus
-B subtilis - long bacillus |
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Term
|
Definition
-on/off switch
-rheostat (dimmer switch)
-light source (bulb)
-condenser lens
-condenser lens adjustment knob
-iris diaphragm adjustment lever
-specimen stage
-specimen stage positioning knobs
-coarse and fine focus knobs
-objective lens
-occular lenses
-diopter adjuster in left ocular lens
-interpupillary distance adjuster |
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Term
|
Definition
| plane in space at which the lens is in focus (parfocal lenses have the same focal plane) |
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Term
| how do you calculate magnification of an objective lens? |
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Definition
| multiply number on lens by 10 (for ocular lens magnification) |
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Term
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Definition
| have the same focal plane; when they are exchanged they are very close to being in focus |
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Term
| oil immersion improves resolution because |
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Definition
| it minimizes light refraction by removing air from the light path |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Colony Morphology Shape (3) |
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Definition
-circular
-irregular
-punctiform (pin-point) |
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Term
| Colony Morphology Margin (4) |
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Definition
-entire
-undulate
-lobate
-filamentous |
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Term
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Definition
smooth edge
colony morphology margin |
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Term
|
Definition
wavy edge
colony morphology margin |
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Term
|
Definition
bumpy edge
colony morphology margin |
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Term
|
Definition
hairy edge
colony morphology margin |
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Term
| colony or slant morphology texture (3) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| colony or slant morphology optical properties (2 pair) |
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Definition
-opaque/translucent
-dull/shiny |
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Term
| slant morphology growth pattern (3) |
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Definition
-filiform
-spreading
-friable |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-growth restricted to inoculation site
-edge is clear and defined
-appearance is creamy |
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Term
| Broth cultures morphology (4) |
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Definition
-uniform fine turbidity
-pellicle
-sediment
-flocculent |
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Term
| Colony or slant Morphology Pigment |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Plate morphology categories (5) |
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Definition
-shape
-margin
-texture
-optical properties
-pigment |
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Term
| Slant morphology categories (4) |
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Definition
-texture
-optical properties
-pigment
-growth |
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Term
| procedure for loop transfer of culture (10 steps) |
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Definition
-sterilize loop
-remove tube cap
-flame tube mouth
-cool loop on tube
-dip loop
-remove loop w/o flicking
-flame tube mouth
-close tube cap
-innoculate plate, slant or broth
-flame loop |
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Term
| how to get single colonies on a streak plate (3 steps) |
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Definition
-4 quadrant
-flame loop between each quadrant
-drag cool loop through previous quadrant before moving into next |
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