Term
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Definition
| The Process of oxidizing organic molecules to release energy used by the cells to do work. |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of chemical reactions that splits glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules |
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Term
| After glycolysis, in and aerobic situation... |
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Definition
| organisms continue respiration with the citric acid cyle and the ETC to produce CO2, H2O, and heat as waste products, and ATP as an energy source. |
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Term
| After glycolysis in an anaerobic situation... |
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Definition
| Organisms undergo fermentation to reproduce pyruvate to ethonal and CO2 (plants and some microbes) or lactic acid (animals and some microbes) |
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Term
| Why is cellular respiration important to living organisms? |
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Definition
| Living organisms need to break down our food source (glucose) in order to make ATP, a form of energy we use to work |
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Term
| What does the Electron Transpot Chain do? |
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Definition
| The ETC generates proton gradients from energy stored in reduced NAD and related compounds to form ATP |
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Term
| What is the product of Glycolysis reactions? |
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Definition
| Glycolysis reactions produce 2 pyruvate molecules, plus 2 ATP, and 2 NADH. |
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Term
| What are the products of anaerobic fermentation on yeast? |
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Definition
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Term
| What effect does NaF have on anaerobic fermentation of yeast? |
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Definition
| Deacreases the rate of respiration, because it is an inhibitor of some enzymes of glycolysis |
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Term
| What effect does Na Pyruvate have on yeast fermentation? |
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Definition
| Increases the rate of respiration because it is the product of glycolysis that is reduced. |
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Term
| What is the effect of MgSO4 on yeast fermentaion? |
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Definition
| It can either increase or decrease the rate of repiration because it is only a cofactor of some enzymes of glycolysis. |
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Term
| What organisms were used to observe the production of CO2 during aerobic respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did you use the pH indicator phenolphthalein for? |
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Definition
| To determin the amount of CO2 was produced by the organisms. The color turns pink in basic solutions and colorless in acid solutions. |
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Term
| Yeast can _____ added pyruvate to ethanol and CO2 even if glycolyosis has been inhibited. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a product of glycolysis; pyruvate is reduced to ethonal or lactic acid during anaerobic fermentation. |
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Term
| Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) |
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Definition
| provides Mg2+, a cofactor that activates some enzymes of glycolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| an inhibitor of some enzymes of glycolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| A common organic molecule used as an energy source for respiration. |
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Term
| Equation for Cellular Respiration |
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Definition
C2H6O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O +ATP + Heat
Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + water + ATP + heat |
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Term
Aneorobic Fermentation in Plants and some Microbes
equation |
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Definition
C2H6O6 --> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + ATP + Heat
glucose --> ethanol + Carbon Dioxide + ATP + Heat
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Term
| Anaerobic Fermentation in Animals and some Microbes equation |
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Definition
C2H6O6 --> 2CH3CHOHCOOH + ATP + Heat
glucose --> lactic acid + ATP + Heat |
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Term
| Why did we have a control tube filled with only water and glucose? |
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Definition
| To see if CO2 could be produced without the other chemical variables. |
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Term
| What effect did the presence of sodium fluoride have on the production of CO2, comparing the tube with only a small amount versus the tube with the larger amount? |
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Definition
| The tube containing more NaF produced less CO2 than did the tube containg less NaF because it is an inhibitor of some enzymes in glycolysis. |
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Term
| What happened when you added NaF but also added pyruvate? |
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Definition
The CO2 increases in comparison to the tube containing strictly NaF.
This happened b/c pyruvate is the compound broken down to start fermentation and NaF is an inhibitor that stops the production of pyruvate...so it basically balances out |
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Term
| Why is Glucose neccesary for the production of CO2 during fermentation? |
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Definition
| It is the molecule broken down to form pyruvate which activates fermentation |
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Term
| Why did we cover the beaker containg the auguatic plant (Elodea) with a coffee can? |
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Definition
| To keep it from going through photosynthesis. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of having a control beaker with only culture water and no organism? |
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Definition
| to see if CO2 can be produced without an organism |
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Term
| Did the fish or the Elodea have the highest respiration rate? Why? |
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Definition
| The Fish, because the fish would have given off carbon dioxide while the plant would have used the carbon dioxide. |
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Term
| Where in the cell does aerobic respiration take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| Phenolphthalein is a pH indicator that... |
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Definition
| turns pink in a basic solution |
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Term
| Carbon Dioxide, water, ATP, and heat are all examples of products of what reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which pyruvate is either reduced to ethanol and CO2 or lactic acid in the absence of oxygen |
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Term
| What is the summary equation for anaerobic fermentation in plants and some microbes? |
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Definition
| Glucose --> ethanol + Carbon Dioxide + ATP + Heat |
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Term
| If we add NaF to a test tube containing yeast and glucose, what other compound should be added so that fermentation can continue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when organisms respire in water? |
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Definition
| carbonic acid forms and the pH decreases |
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Term
| What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following methods did we use to determine the volume of the organisms in the aerobic respiration lab? |
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Definition
| Water diplacement with a graduated cyclinder |
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Term
| What is photosynthesis and why is it important to life? |
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Definition
| a complex chemical process that converts radient energy (light) to chemical energy (sugar). All organisms depend of food and oxygen produces by photosynthesis. |
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Term
| What occurs in the photochemical and biochemical reactions of photosynthesis? |
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Definition
1. Light reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane of the choloroplast; splits water to release oxygen electrons and hydrogen ions (protons)
2. light-independent reactions convert Carbon Dioxide to sugar. |
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Term
| What is paper chromatography? |
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Definition
| a technique for seperating dissolved compounds such as chlorophyll, caratene, & xanthophyll |
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Term
| What for pigments are found in the plant extract? |
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Definition
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
carotenes
xanthophylls |
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Term
| Consider the absorption spectrum for plant extract (that you graphed in lab). What colors of light does chlorophyll absorb? What colors does in reflect? |
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Definition
| Chlorophyll absorbs predominately violet-blue and red light in 2 narrow bands of the spectrum, and reflect green. |
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Term
| Why can we see fluorescence in a blended plant extract? What color is fluorescence? |
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Definition
| The chlorophyll electrons in the extract are energized if you shine a light on them, but have no where to go. When they fall back to their orbitals they release their energy and emit a red light called fluorescence. |
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Term
| What indicators did we use in lab this week and what were they used to indicate? |
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Definition
phenol red - a pH indicator that turns yellow in an acid and red in a base
Iodine - Starch detector, turns blue in the presence of starch. |
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Term
| Photosynthesis is one of the most important series of chemical reactions that occur among living organisms because... |
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Definition
| all living organisms depend on these reactions for food and oxygen. |
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Term
| What does the green pigment chlorophyll do and where is it found? |
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Definition
| found in the chloroplasts of green plants; absorbs the light energy needed for photosynthesis |
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Term
| _____ is split to release ______ and oxygen as a by-product in the ___________ reactions |
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Definition
| water; electrons; photochemical |
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Term
| ___________ occurs during the biochemical reaction. |
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Definition
| carbon fixation, conversion of carbon dioxide to sugar |
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Term
| Sugars produced by photosynthesis are often stored as ________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Carbon dioxide + Water --> Glucose + water + oxygen |
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Term
| What part of the photosynthetic equation contributes to the results of this procedure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What color changes did you observe in both test tubes when you added CO₂ with your breath and as the elodea photosynthesized? |
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Definition
| yellow when blowing into the test tube and red when elodea photosynthesized. |
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Term
| Why did you keep one test tube as a control without elodea? |
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Definition
| To compare the non-fixed solution with the fixed solution |
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Term
| How did the green leaves kept in the light differ from the green leaves kept in the dark after being boiled in alcohol and stained with iodine? |
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Definition
| The leaves kept in the light were stained blue with starch and the ones kept in the dark were not affected. |
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Term
| Why did the variegated and purple coleus leaves lose their red pigments when boiled in water? |
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Definition
| Boiling the leaves in water removes pigment so that when the the iodine starch is used the color change can be seen. |
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Term
| What does the staining pattern of the leaves in this experiment tell you about the importance of light and chlorophyll for photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| Without light and chlorophyll sugar and starch are not produced. |
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Term
| During the biochemical reactions of photosynthesis, _____ is converted to _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The relationship between the distance moved by a pigment to the distnace from the pigment origin to the solvent front is called the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What color of light does chlorophyll absorb the least? |
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Definition
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Term
| Phenol red is a pH-indicator that turns ________ in a ________. |
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Definition
| red; neutral to basic solution |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique used for separating dissolved compounds such as chlorophyll, carotene, & xanthophyll. |
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Term
| Where in the plant do photochemical reactions occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the procedure observing the uptake of CO₂ during photosynthesis, you added ________ to a test tube with your breath causing the pH of the water to __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does a plant leaf that has been kept in the dark and then boiled to remove pigments not stain with iodine? |
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Definition
| starch was not produced due to the lack of light |
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Term
| Which of the following are accessory pigments in photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that absorbs light |
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Term
| What large atom is at the center of a chlorophyll molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is genetic engineering? |
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Definition
| the direct manipulation of genes for engineering purposes |
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Term
| What are some practical uses for genetically engineered organisms? |
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Definition
| the harvest of valuable proteins produced by genes and benefiting target organisms |
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Term
| What are three things a successful genetic transformation requires? |
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Definition
1. A host in which DNA can be inserted
2. A means of carrying DNA into host
3. A method for selecting and isolating the newly transformed organism |
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Term
| What is the host organism we used in lab? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the vector we used in lab? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacteria reproduce __________ by __________ and can undergo genetic mutation in three ways, _________, _________, ___________. |
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Definition
asexually;binary fission
1. conjugation
2. transformation
3. transduction |
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Term
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Definition
| the uptake of genetic material from the environment by a prokaryotic cell; scientists can use this process to mutate an organism |
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Term
| Why is E.coli an ideal host for transformations? |
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Definition
| it only has one chromosome and grows rapidly |
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Term
| How can you increase the competency of bacteria cells? |
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Definition
| soak them in cold CaCl₂ solution and then heat-shocking them in a warm water bath |
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Term
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Definition
| a small circular piece of DNA that can be taken up by bacterial cells in transformation |
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Term
| Why did you suspend the bacteria in a solution of CaCl₂ and then heat-shock it? |
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Definition
| To increase the competency of the bacteria cells |
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Term
| What is the purpose of having a control tube that does not contain the plasmid? |
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Definition
| to compare the growth of untransformed e.coli with transformed e.coli |
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Term
| Why is it beneficial for the bacteria to take up the plasmid? |
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Definition
| the plasmids have a code for resistance to ampicillin; addition of the proteins on the cell wall will slow attack by ampicillin |
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Term
| What is the vector used to move DNA into the bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes |
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Term
| What is the purpose of adding CaCl₂ to the transformation tubes? |
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Definition
| to increase the competency of the bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| a small circular piece of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| growth; no AM to inkhibit growth |
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Term
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Definition
| growth; no AM to inhibit growth |
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Term
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Definition
| growth; gene in plasmid makes the bacteria resistant to the AM |
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Term
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Definition
| no growth; AM will inhibit the growth of the bacteria |
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Term
| What bacteria will grow on an ampicillin plate? |
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Definition
| only e.coli that have been transformed with ampicillin resistance |
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Term
| What is the purpose of having a control transformation tube (one without the plasmid)? |
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Definition
| to compare growth of untransformed e.coli with transformed e.coli |
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Term
| Consider only the bacteria that contained plasmid: why is there less bacterial growth on the ampicillin plate than on the regular nutrient agar plate? |
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Definition
| only the transformed ampicillin resistant bacteria will grow on the plate |
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Term
| What is the purpose of adding nutrient broth to the bacteria in the transformation procedure? |
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Definition
| to provide food for the bacteria |
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