Term
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Definition
| Provide tensile strength (are like steel rods in reinforced concrete) |
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Term
| Calcium phosphate in bones |
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Definition
Provides compressional strength (= to concrete in reinforced concrete)
mainly in the form of the mineral hydroxylapatite |
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Term
| Red bone marrow (hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis) |
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Definition
| site where the various cells of the blood are formed, |
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Definition
| stores triglycerides (fat) |
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Definition
-important in blood clotting
-muscle contraction
-release of neurotransmitter and hormones
-as an intracellular signaling element |
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Term
| Bone structure: Long bones |
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Definition
- longer than wide
-these bones are located in areas of the body where they must act as levers. |
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Term
| Long: example of the bones of the arm |
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Definition
| humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals |
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Term
| Long: examples of bones in the leg |
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Definition
| Femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals |
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Term
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Definition
-Bones that are equal in length and width(cube)
-found in confined places where they generally function to transfer forces.
-Example: bones in the wrist, bones in the ankle |
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Term
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Definition
-broad and and thin
-allow for the attachment of muscle and also for protection of underlying tissue
-include the bones of the skull, the ribs, and the scapulae of the shoulder girdle |
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Definition
- have various different shapes
-They often have projections that serve as attachment sites for muscles.
-Examples of this type of bone include the vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
These bones are most often round in shape and occur within tendons at joints which endure a lot of pressure.
inde some bones in the wrist and the patella (knee-cap) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What is the: diaphysis, epiphyses
What is the articular cartilage?
What type of connective tissue enclose the majority of the bone? |
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Definition
diaphysis - the long part (shaft) of the bone
epiphysis - are the end of a long bone
the epiphyses are cover by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage.
Dense irregular connective tissue, called periosteum, covers the remainder of the surface of the bone. |
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Term
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Definition
makes up the wall of the diaphysis.
Compact bone enables the bone to resist bending under the stress of the weight of the body, |
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Term
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Definition
makes up the majority of the epiphyses.
Red bone is found in the spongy bone. |
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Term
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Definition
The hallow center of the diaphysis
this is continuous with the spongybone of the epiphyses and is lined with a layer of cells that make up the endosteum(contains blood vessels). Fat-storing yellow marrow is found in the medullar cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
The process of replacing fibrous connective tissue (intramembranous) and hyaline cartilage (endochondral) with bone, starting around the sixth or seventh week of embryonic life.
The process involves the syntesis of collagen fibers by osteoblasts followed by calcium phophate deposition on these fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
include flat bones of the skull, the mandible and bones such as the clavivle (collarbone). Are changed from fibrous cells.
They end up becoming spongy bone. The osteoblast turn into osteocytes. |
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Term
| Endochondral ossification |
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Definition
| Start as a cartilage model of the future skeleton. |
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Term
| Endochondrial Ossification (tibia) - first 4 steps |
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Definition
1) In the beginning, the cartilaginous model tibia is ensheathed in perichondrium.
2) Then a periostel collar forms -- a primary ossification center develops, where bone replaces cartilage. A marrow cavity appears.
3) Nourishing blood vessels invade from the perichondrium, penetrating the marrow cavity. The cartilage model continues to grow at its ends.
4) The periosteal collar thickens and lengthens due to the activity of osteoblasts in the periosteum. Secondary ossification centers appear at the epiphyses, when spongy bone is laid down. |
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Term
| Endochondral Ossification (tibia) - Last 3 steps |
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Definition
5) the cartilage remains as hyaline cartilage in the epiphyseal plate (=epiphyseal disk) and as articular cartilage on the articulating surfaces of the epiphyses.
6) As long as the chndrocytes in the epiphyseal plate remain active, a long bone will continue to grow in length.
7) When the chondrocytes finally stop dividing, the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, growth in length stops.
8) However, bones grow in thickness due to osteoblast adding bone ate the surface (just below the periosteum). In parallel, in the marrow cavity is enlarged by the bone-dissolving osteoclasts. |
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Term
| Endochondrial Ossification model |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Remodeling is the replacement of old bone with new bone tissue, a process that involves balancing the activities of bone-making osteoblasts and bone-dissolving esteoclasts.
These cells also play an important role in the healing of fractures. |
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Term
| How to determine if bone is still growing? |
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Definition
| A physician will often times take an X-ray and look to see if there is still an epiphyseal disk (plate) between the diaphysis and epiphyses of long bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| There must be adequate intake of calcium, phosporus in the form of phosphate, and other elements including boron and manganese. |
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Term
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Definition
Vitamin D absorbs calcium from the small intestines.
Without calcium bones become weak.
In childrens this condition is called "rickets" , in adults its osteomalacia |
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Term
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Definition
| is needed for bone resorption that occurs during normal bone development. |
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Term
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Definition
| is required for proper formation of collagen. If either A or C is deficient, the bones become slender and fragile. |
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Term
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Definition
-released by the anterior pituitary glands that promotes growth of cartilage at the epiphyseal disk.
-can result in dwarfism (if deficient)
-or gigantism (opposite) |
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Term
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Definition
| -secreted by the thyroid gland. In many animals it influences calcium metabolism by its ability to inhibit the activity of osteoclasts in bone tissue. At the present time, it is thought not to be very important |
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Term
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Definition
secreted by gonads (ovaries and testes)
Protect bone formation during childhood, bone growth at the onset of puberty, and, after a whele, they prompt the closure of the epiphyseal disks resulting in the cessation of bone growth. Anabolic steroids will also promote closure of the epiphyseal disks. |
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Term
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Definition
secreted by gonads (ovaries and testes)
Protect bone formation during childhood, bone growth at the onset of puberty, and, after a whele, they prompt the closure of the epiphyseal disks resulting in the cessation of bone growth. Anabolic steroids will also promote closure of the epiphyseal disks. |
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Term
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Definition
secreted by gonads (ovaries and testes)
Protect bone formation during childhood, bone growth at the onset of puberty, and, after a whele, they prompt the closure of the epiphyseal disks resulting in the cessation of bone growth. Anabolic steroids will also promote closure of the epiphyseal disks. |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by the parathyroid gland and function to increase the amount of calcium ions in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Among their other functions they stimulate bone resorption |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder in which there is excessive loss of bone mass and mineral content. and is particularly serious in women after menopause |
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Term
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Definition
| one frontal, two temporal, two parietal, and one occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid |
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Term
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Definition
| maxilla, mandible, zygomatic |
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Term
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Definition
| malleus, incus, and stapes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
7 cervical vertebrae (atlas & axis)
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
5 sacral vertebrae fused to form sacrum
4 coccygeal vertebrae fused to form the coccyx |
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Term
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Definition
14 true ribs
10 false ribs
sternum (breatbone): manubrium, body and xiphoid proccess. |
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Term
Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral Girdle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Appendicular Skeleton
Hand |
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Definition
carpal bones (8): wrist
metacarpal bones (5): palm
phalanges (14): fingers |
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Term
Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvic Girdle |
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Definition
ilium: hipbone
ischium: seat, supports body when sitting
pubis: anterior portion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
tarsal bones (7) ankle
metatarsal bones: sole
phalanges (14): toes |
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Term
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Definition
is where two or more bones meet.
they are classified by degree of movement allowed, and their structure |
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Term
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Definition
tarsal bones (7) ankle
metatarsal bones: sole
phalanges (14): toes |
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Term
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Definition
is where two or more bones meet.
they are classified by degree of movement allowed, and their structure |
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Term
| synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis |
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Definition
immovable -- synarthrosis
Slightly movable -- amphiarthrosis
Freely movable --diarthrosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Occur where two bones come in very close contact with each other. Between the two bones exists a layer of fibrorous connective that binds the two bones together allowing little to no movement |
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Term
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Definition
| occur where two bones are connected to each other by either hyaline or fibrocartilage. Whithin are two types -synchondrosis (as with rib to sternum articulation) and sumphysis (intervertebral disks, symphysis pubis) |
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