Term
| What species are commonly given prophylactic abx for castration? How much of what kind? |
|
Definition
| Horses; 22,000 units/kg of Procaine Penicillin G |
|
|
Term
| In what species is tetanus prophylaxis important? |
|
Definition
| Horses; Lambs & kids in areas where tetanus is common |
|
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Term
| If they have not been protected against tetanus, horses should routinely be given _____. |
|
Definition
| Tetanus antitoxin a/o toxoid |
|
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Term
| What is a risk of using tetanus antitoxin? In what animals? |
|
Definition
| Theiler's dz; Older horses |
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Term
| Because of the risk of Theiler's dz, some vets decide _____. |
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Definition
| Not to give older horses tetanus antitoxin |
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|
Term
| Incidence of Theiler's dz is _____; chance of recovery is _____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is done if horses have received tetanus toxoid previously? |
|
Definition
| A boosting dose of toxoid is indicated |
|
|
Term
| What is done for lambs & kids in areas where tetanus is common? |
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Definition
| Antitoxin is given at 1/10 the normal dose (150 units) |
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|
Term
| What is the post-op protocol for exercise? In what animals? |
|
Definition
| Horses should be given adequate exercise starting the day following castration; Other species usually encouraged to exercise immediately following Sx |
|
|
Term
| What is recommended for post-Sx exam of horses? |
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Definition
| O should be encouraged to check on animals frequently for 6-8h following Sx |
|
|
Term
| What is recommended for post-sx exam of all animals? |
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Definition
| O should be encouraged to examine animals carefully for several days following sx |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common post-op complication? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| List 9 possible complications of castration. |
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Definition
| Swelling/Edema, Infection, Hemorrhage, Eventration/Herniation, Peritonitis, Damage to Penis, Hydrocele, Tetanus, Failure to change obnoxious behavior |
|
|
Term
| When is post-op swelling & edema most obvious? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What usually happens w/ post-op swelling & edema? |
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Definition
| Routinely resolves in 10-14d |
|
|
Term
| What is post-op swelling & edema associated w/ and what is the most common reason? |
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Definition
| Lack of V drainage; Inadequate size of incision |
|
|
Term
| What is the Tx for post-op swelling & edema? |
|
Definition
| Open incisions/increase size; NSAIDs; Adequate exercise |
|
|
Term
| In the case of post-op swelling/edema, how is adequate exercise best ensured? |
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Definition
| Riding the horse @ walk or turning out to pasture w/ other horses |
|
|
Term
| How is post-op swelling/edema prevented? |
|
Definition
| Adequate incision size; Adequate exercise |
|
|
Term
| When can infection occur? |
|
Definition
| Several days to months after castration |
|
|
Term
| What are the signs of infection? |
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Definition
| Fever, Swelling (Scrotal or Preputial), Lameness, Discharge |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 classical chronic post-castration infections? |
|
Definition
| Champignon & Scirrhous cord |
|
|
Term
| Few animals develop an infection if there is _____ & _____. |
|
Definition
| Adequate V drainage & exercise |
|
|
Term
| What is another possible infection? |
|
Definition
| Clostridial; require extensive therapy & support |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes Scirrhous cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Champignon associated w/? |
|
Definition
| Infected end of SC & lg amt of granulation tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is scirrhous cord associated w/? |
|
Definition
| Scrotal incision heals but a chronic infection involving the stump of the SC causes enlargement & eventual drainage |
|
|
Term
| What predisposes infection? |
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Definition
| Lack of drainage assoc. w/ post-op swelling & edema; Ligatures (non-absorbable or slowly absorbed) |
|
|
Term
| What is the therapy for post-castration infection? |
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Definition
| Adequate drainage & removal of chronically infected tissue; Adequate antibiotic Tx (consider sensitivity testing); Forced exercise |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis for post-castration infection when therapeutic measures are taken? |
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Definition
| Usual situation resolves w/i a short time |
|
|
Term
| Is initial bleeding post-castration normal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of bleeding post-castration requires attention? |
|
Definition
| Fast drip for more than 15min |
|
|
Term
| What is the usual source of hemorrhage? |
|
Definition
| Testicular a. w/i spermatic cord |
|
|
Term
| What are some less common sources of post-castration hemorrhage? |
|
Definition
| Vessels in the cremaster m., Scrotal vessels |
|
|
Term
| Hemorrhage is usually the result of _____. |
|
Definition
| Problems w/ the emasculator |
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|
Term
| What are some emasculator problems (generally) that could cause hemorrhage? |
|
Definition
| Faulty emasculator; Improper application |
|
|
Term
| What should be done w/ new emasculators? |
|
Definition
| Use them to cut rope to dull them (too sharp) |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of improper emasculator application that can result in hemorrhage? |
|
Definition
| Applied upside-down, Tension applied to SC while cutting, Applied at angle, Inclusion of scrotal skin in emasculator |
|
|
Term
| What can occur if scrotal skin is included in the emasculator? |
|
Definition
| Laceration of a scrotal vessel; Inadequate crushing of the testicular a. |
|
|
Term
| What is the first step of managing hemorrhage? |
|
Definition
| Attempt to ID the bleeding vessel |
|
|
Term
| What is done when a bleeding SC/scrotal vessel is ID'ed while standing? |
|
Definition
| Clamp & ligate; Clamp & leave clamp in place for 24h |
|
|
Term
| What should be done if ID of a bleeding vessel is not possible w/ the animal standing? |
|
Definition
| Anesthetize the horse & attempt to ID |
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|
Term
| If bleeding continues, consider _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a bleeding vessel can not be ID'ed even w/ anesthesia, what should be done? |
|
Definition
| Pack the scrotum w/ sterile gauze & suture the skin to hold the gauze in place |
|
|
Term
| Gauze placed to control hemorrhage is usually removed in _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drugs can be considered to decrease fibrinolysis in case of hemorrhage? How effective are they? |
|
Definition
| Aminocaproic acid or Premarin; Not very effective |
|
|
Term
| Are TP & PCV a good indication of blood loss? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lag period before TP goes down with blood loss? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lag period before PCV goes down with blood loss? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are animals w/ marked post-castration hemorrhage at greater risk for? What is indicated? |
|
Definition
| Infection; BS abx prophylactically |
|
|
Term
| How common is post-castration eventration/herniation? |
|
Definition
| Rare, but potentially fatal |
|
|
Term
| Herniation of the omentum alone is usually _____. |
|
Definition
| Not a significant problem |
|
|
Term
| How is herniation of the omentum managed? |
|
Definition
| Rectal exam to evaluate size of internal inguinal ring & see if intestine is involved; Ligate & remove omentum (consider use of emasculator); Cross tie horse & observe carefully for 48h |
|
|
Term
| When does herniation involving intestine usually occur? |
|
Definition
| Within 1st 3-4h following castration (reported up to 12d following) |
|
|
Term
| What usually causes herniation involving intestine? |
|
Definition
| Usually secondary to straining (Colic; Animal cast & extensive straining to get up) |
|
|
Term
| What are risk factors for herniation? |
|
Definition
| Breed; Pre-existing inguinal hernia; Inguinal hernia as a foal; Inguinal rings that admit >2fingers on rectal exam |
|
|
Term
| What breeds are overrepresented for post-castration herniation? |
|
Definition
| Draft horses, Standardbred, TWH |
|
|
Term
| What are some preventive measures for herniation? |
|
Definition
| Ligation of SC prior to removal of testicle; Closure of external inguinal ring @ time of castration |
|
|
Term
| Does closed castration reduce the risk of herniation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what cases is closure of the external inguinal ring at the time of castration suggested? |
|
Definition
| Very high risk cases: Lg inguinal rings, herniation reported by o, congenital hernia that corrected w/ time |
|
|
Term
| What is the survival rate w/ herniation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is peritonitis a common post-castration complication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are CS of peritonitis? |
|
Definition
| Fever, Depression, Increase pulse rate, Colic, Dehydration, Diarrhea, Anorexia |
|
|
Term
| What protective measures are taken in managing herniation? |
|
Definition
| Protect the bowel from contamination & damage; Clean the bowel w/ sterile saline (or clean water) |
|
|
Term
| If possible, what should be done for herniation, prior to transport or repair? |
|
Definition
| Replace the bowel in the scrotum & close w/ towel clamps |
|
|
Term
| What should be done for herniation during movement to a Sx area? |
|
Definition
| Protect the bowel w/ moist towels or drapes used as a sling |
|
|
Term
| What is given in the management of hernia? |
|
Definition
| BS Abx; Flunixin meglumine (analgesia & anti-endotoxic) |
|
|
Term
| What is the surgical treatment of hernia? |
|
Definition
| Sx replace the bowel through the inguinal ring, into the abdomen & closure of the external inguinal ring |
|
|
Term
| What is usually required when surgically replacing the bowel through the inguinal ring? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What might be required when surgically replacing the bowel through the inguinal ring? |
|
Definition
| Paramedian of V midline approach; Thorough exam of the bowel; Possible resection & anastomosis of injured bowel |
|
|
Term
| What are Dx tests for peritonitis? |
|
Definition
| Abdominocentesis (fluid submitted for cytology, bacterial culture & sensitivity testing) |
|
|
Term
| Cell # of abdominal fluid many times reach _____ in horses w/o infectious peritonitis b/c _____. |
|
Definition
| 100,000/μL; Rxn to blood in peritoneal cavity |
|
|
Term
| What should abdominocentesis fluid be evaluated for? |
|
Definition
| Presence of bacteria & degenerative neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| How is peritonitis managed? |
|
Definition
| BS abx prior to return of sensitivity test results (then specific); NSAIDs; Anti-entotoxics; Indwelling drains in the abdomen |
|
|
Term
| What are some anti-endotoxic Rx used to manage peritonitis? |
|
Definition
| Polymixin B; Hyperimmune serum |
|
|
Term
| What is recommended when indwelling drains are in the abdomen for peritonitis management? |
|
Definition
| Abdominal lavage several times per day |
|
|
Term
| Is damage to the penis a common complication of castration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is hydrocele a common complication of castration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ occasionally retain learned behavior. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does damage to the penis usually occur? |
|
Definition
| Inept surgeon mistakes penis for a testicle |
|
|
Term
| What must be done to correct damage to the penis? |
|
Definition
| Sx; NSAIDs to reduce swelling & edema |
|
|
Term
| What must be done if the penis is prolapsed? |
|
Definition
| Must be supported until edema reduces & penis can be placed Cd to the preputial orifice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An accumulation of sterile fluid in the common vaginal tunic; Nonpainful distension of the tunic w/ peritoneal fluid |
|
|
Term
| When is hydrocele more common? |
|
Definition
| Open castrations when the tunic is not removed |
|
|
Term
| Hydrocele is more common in _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Tx is necessary for hydrocele? |
|
Definition
| No Tx necessary except to correct appearance; Sx Tx involves Sx removal of distended tunic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When animals have not been protected by antitoxin or not been vx w/ toxoid |
|
|
Term
| Some animals have _____ sources of testosterone. _____ is usually incriminated. |
|
Definition
| Extra-testicular; Adrenal gland |
|
|
Term
| What is the common vernacular for failure to remove all genetic material? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is it likely that "proud cut" results in ineffective castration? |
|
Definition
| No; only necessary to remove testicles |
|
|
Term
| What occurred in studies where only the testicles were removed (entire epididymis left behind)? |
|
Definition
| No response to HCG administration |
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