Term
In London, “the city” is the old part of town, where sober business is
conducted without a display of elegance or ostentation. |
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Definition
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Term
London is so completely a business community, Tristan says, that the
aristocracy stays away from the city entirely, preferring country life. |
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Definition
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Term
In France, Tristan says, liberties are real only when they are legally
protected. |
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Definition
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Term
Tristan says that French laws before Napoleon had initiated “the
liberation of women.” |
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Definition
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Term
In the pages we’re reading, Tristan refers often to various kinds of
social slavery, but the phrase “wage slave” does not appear here. |
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Definition
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Term
| Tristan sees truth in the proverb “What woman wants, God wants.” |
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Definition
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Term
| Tristan entered Parliament thanks to the help of an Irish rebel. |
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Definition
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Term
The Irish orator O’Connell was an imposing figure, as physically
striking and elegant as he was eloquent. |
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Definition
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Term
Tristan calls the House of Commons a chamber of shopkeepers and
bankers delegates. |
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Definition
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Term
Marx later said, in Capital, that factory production in manufacturing
turns workers into “appendages to machines.” Tristan saw matters
similarly. |
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Definition
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Term
| Bread, for the proletarian, is a necessity, not a luxury |
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Definition
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|
Term
English factory work was hard and fatiguing, but the workers were
friendly towards each other and their bosses. |
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Definition
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Term
| Tristan says the people dominate machines, not vice versa. |
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Definition
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Term
Tristan said that stokers, in the furnace rooms of the great factories,
rest only a few hours between shifts. |
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Definition
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Term
| Tristan says that workers cost industrialists even less than horses |
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Definition
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Term
Marx and Engels say that fights between social classes inevitably result
in the triumph of one contending class or another. |
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Definition
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Term
Engels says, in a footnote, that “bourgeoisie” means the class of
modern capitalists. |
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Definition
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Term
Marx and Engels say that the bourgeoisie concerns itself exclusively
with economics, not with politics or the state. |
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Definition
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|
Term
In societies dominated by the bourgeoisie, people are bound together
principally by ties of sentiment and personal loyalty. |
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Definition
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|
Term
Marx and Engels say that the bourgeoisie is a deeply conservative
class, which freezes production into unchanging and final forms |
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Definition
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|
Term
Marx and Engels portray the bourgeoisie as an inherently international
class. |
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Definition
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|
Term
Marx and Engels say that commercial crises threaten the entire
existence of bourgeois society. |
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Definition
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|
Term
Society falls into commercial crisis, Marx and Engels say, when the
bourgeoisie under-produces; when there is too little industry, too little
commerce. |
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Definition
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|
Term
Marx and Engels say that workers in modern society are routinely
compelled to acquire ever more sophisticated skills. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Marx and Engels say that modern factory workers, like soldiers in
industrial armies, are despotically ruled. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Marx and Engels say that the growing maturity of the bourgeois mode
of production stabilizes wages and makes proletarian life less
precarious. |
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Definition
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Term
Marx and Engels say that proletarian unity is disrupted, but not
altogether destroyed, by competition between workers. |
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Definition
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|
Term
Marx and Engels say that proletarians, like members of the lower
middle class, are mainly small property owners. |
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Definition
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Term
Marx and Engels say that the proletarian movement is the movement
of the “immense majority.” |
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Definition
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|
Term
Pauperism in modern society, according to Marx and Engels, develops
even more rapidly than wealth. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| James believed that pugnacity is motivated by a specific instinct. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| McDougall defined instinct as a "rigidly fixed motor response." |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Freud and Lorenz rejected the hydraulic models of earlier instinctivists. |
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Definition
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|
Term
Freud saw aggression as an occasional response to a specific stimulus,
not an organic feature of human nature. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Fromm faults Freud for relying excessively on speculation rather than
evidence. |
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Definition
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|
Term
Fromm's view is that aggression is NOT a biologically given and
spontaneously flowing impulse. |
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Definition
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|
Term
Fromm says many people "prefer" to believe that violence and the
dangers of nuclear war spring from uncontrollably biological roots. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Lorenz denies that people would ever seek out the kind of stimuli that
cause "explosions" of aggressive behavior. |
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Definition
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|
Term
Lorenz holds that violence between people once had preservative
effects for our species, but has now become counter-productive. |
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Definition
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|
Term
Fromm agrees that "intra-specific" human violence originated during
the Stone Age and ultimately became part of our hereditary nature. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Fromm says that population density in the Paleolithic era sharply
intensified competition between tribes for food and space. |
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Definition
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|
Term
Lorenz said that, if society reorganized itself to eliminate the major
forms of aggression, the aggressive instinct would fade away. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Freud and Lorenz agree that aggressively letting of steam is healthy. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Tinbergen accepts the claim that "higher and more complex" realities
should be explained in terms of lower-level realities. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Lorenz says that damming up aggression is especially dangerous
among people who know, understand, and like each other. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Fromm doubts that a goose or fish has a "self" in the human sense. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
According to Lorenz, friendship is found only in species with highly
developed intra-species aggression. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Fromm says that the hate felt by the oppressed for the oppressor is
actually a kind of wounded love. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Lorenz says that instinctive inhibitions are unalterable. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Fromm denies that it is "human nature" to commit atrocities in
wartime. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Fromm says that atrocities in World War 2 were mainly committed by
special Nazi forces, not by ordinary troops. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Fromm agrees with Lorenz that military enthusiasm is the spark that
ignites progress in the arts and sciences. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Freud's letter to Einstein in 1933 was critical of pacifism and immodest
about Freudian theory. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Lorenz advocates "channeling" militant enthusiasm, not suppressing it. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Fromm agrees that the best antidote to aggression is personal
acquaintance with your potential enemies. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Fromm says that one way to reduce or even eliminate aggressiveness
is to reduce insecurity, greed, and narcissism |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Lorenz calls himself a patriot, loyal to his home country |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Lorenz says that he could only unreservedly hate an enemy who
shared none of his cultural or ethical values. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Fromm praises humanistic educators in Germany for their efforts to
promote peace. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Fromm says that quasi-religious attitudes toward Darwin are rare and
insignificant in modern society. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Asch says that society has always deliberately and extensively
attempted to "engineer" consent and manipulate opinion. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Bernheim regarded "suggestibility" as the opposite of hypnosis. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Tarde rejected the idea that people can be viewed as "somnambulists." |
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Definition
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|
Term
Asch says that his experiments (to see whether opinions can be
swayed by the influence of majorities) were the first of their kind. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Asch questions whether people's opinions are truly as "watery" as
investigators sometimes think. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Most investigators tend to assume, Asch says, that people submit
uncritically to external manipulation. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Asch says "dissenters" reacted with surprise, worry, and embarrassed
smiles when they found themselves disagreeing with the majority. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
The "dissenting" subject was actually a confederate who helped Asch
deceive the rest of the experimental group. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Asch stopped the experiment and discounted the results if the subject
appeared to suspect that the majority was colluding against him. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Asch reports results from a series of experiments with a total of 25
subjects, conducted mainly at Swarthmore. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Nearly two-thirds of Asch's subjects resisted the majority and stayed
true to their own opinions. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Asch says the most highly compliant subjects agreed with the majority
"nearly" all the time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Asch says his experiment revealed "startling individual differences." |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Many extremely compliant subjects regarded the OTHERS in the group
as "sheep." |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Subjects who were opposed by three people accepted wrong answers
more than twice as often as people facing majorities of two people. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
The support of even one truthful partner enabled minority subjects to
give 75% fewer wrong answers. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Asch always asked the majority make only the most plausible errors. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Asch says that "extremes of yielding" are unaffected when a dissenting
subject makes an error less extreme than the majority's error. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
When "extremist" dissenters committed especially flagrant errors,
minority subjects committed more (and more flagrant) errors, too. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Asch concludes that any kind of dissent, whether mild or extreme,
increases independence of judgment. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
When, after six trials, minority subjects lost the support of former
allies, they remained just as independent as they had been before. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Minority subjects who had been supported by truthful partners lost
some of their independence when their partners joined the majority. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Minority subjects became just as submissive when their supporters
"deserted" to the majority as when they simply left the experiment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Asch showed that, if the majority commits a sufficiently glaring error,
even the most yielding subjects will ultimately refuse to go along. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Asch says that his experiment proves that people yield to pressure for
reasons unrelated to character or culture. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Asch questions whether leaders are more independent than followers. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Asch says that productive social consensus requires conformity, not
independence. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Asch says that people "surrender" their independence when they yield
to the dictates of conformity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Asch says that his experimental results justify the deepest pessimism. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Asch warns against underestimating the human capacity for
independence. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
By “environmentalists,” Fromm means advocates of ecological
sustainability. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Watson, like all psychologists, focuses mainly on individual thoughts
and feelings. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
“Popeye” cartoons show a hero whose strength comes from eating
spinach; repeating this message over and over again can be seen as a
kind of “positive reinforcement” for eating spinach. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Fromm says that Skinner is very clear about the goals and values that
people should be conditioned to internalize. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Skinner considers it possible to design "whole cultures" as confidently
as we now design technologies. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Fromm says that the supreme norm of "technotronic society" is also
the fullest realization of humanistic values. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Skinner says that, if we value democracy, we must avoid acting as
"controllers" of other people's behavior. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Skinner says that, in relations between masters and slaves, "control" is
not one-sided but mutual. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fromm says that behaviorists see only behavior, not behaving people. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Skinner believes that appeals to self-interest can be powerful enough
to determine behavior "completely." |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The psychologist Buss, like other behaviorists, believes that “intention”
is the most important of all psychological concepts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fromm says observable behaviors are the only valid scientific data. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Fromm says that the same behavior can flow from more than one kind
of character structure. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Milgram's experimental subjects were exclusively ill-educated and
poorly paid workers. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Milgram's subjects were allowed to decide for themselves how much
voltage to administer when they shocked the learner. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Subjects who received Prod 4 invariably did what they were told. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Fromm says that Milgram's experiment revealed not only obedience
and conformity but cruelty and destructiveness. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Fromm regrets that so few of Milgram's obedient subjects expressed
indignation or revulsion about what they were told to do. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Zimbardo placed 90 of his test subjects in the role of prison guards,
and another 90 were placed in the role of prisoners. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fromm regards the Zimbardo experiment as an extreme example of
the humiliation and degradation of test subjects. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Zimbardo’s experimental methods were so extreme that he was forced
to conceal his experiment from the police. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Zimbardo says the "pathological" behavior of the guards was entirely
social in origin and excluded personal cruelty. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
In an early report, Zimbardo said that two-thirds of the guards were
either fair or friendly. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Fromm says that his own empirical research shows that the
percentage of unconscious sadists in an average population is not
zero. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fromm agrees that the most shocking aspect of Zimbardo's
experiment was the fact that the subjects chose to continue, even
though they knew they could withdraw. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Fromm says that, according to concentration camp survivors, SS
guards were not always personally and spontaneously cruel. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Fromm says that Zimbardo's thesis is confirmed by data from Hitler's
concentration camps. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bettelheim says that apolitical middle-class prisoners in the
concentration camps tended to submit unquestioningly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fromm says that, in games, people remain clearly aware of the
difference between the game and real life. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Frustration-aggression theory, Fromm says, claims to have found a
general explanation of aggression. |
|
Definition
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|
