1947

USA will help provide all necessary support

to nations under communist threat.

1957

The USA will give direct economic/military aide

to any nation threatened by communists forces. 

Intended to remind world of US's commitment to impose the USSR.

• 1948-1949Soviets push western powers out of West Berlin
• US supplies W. Berliner via airlift to keep city running and people cared for
• Soviets lift Blockade in 1949.

Marshall Plan

1948

• Rebuilds Western Europe
• rebuilding=they'll help us squash communism there

• China's civil war continued after WWII
• Nationalist=Chiang Kai-Shek
• Communists=Mao Zedong
• Communists win (1949) and People's Republic of China forms
• Chiang flees to Taiwan
• Fueled growing hysteria over communist influence around the world
• Korean War follows

Mao Zedong

 Chiang Kai-shek

Mao

-Communist leader of China

-establishes Peopl's Republic of China

Chiang

-Nationalist leader of China

-He and followers fled to Taiwan.

 Kim Ursung

 Syngman Rhee

Kim- Leader of N. Korean Army

Syngman- Leads N. Korean Army into S. Korea

starting Korean War

HUAC

1947

-House of UnAmerican Activities Commitee

-investigated Hollywood

-Feared communists were putting propoganda in movies

- If didn't cooperate, blacklisted

-Investigated Alger Hiss

-convinced public that there were spies in the government

•  Wisconsin Senator
• Fought Communism w/o evidence
• claimed had list of communsits working in State Dept
• Army Hearings-(1954) claimed commys in Army. Army proves no evidence to support this.
• Ousted (1954)

•  Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, Berlin Airlift, NATO, and Korean War all during his presidency
• liked Containment
• Attacked for China losing civil war
• Supported United  Nations intervening in Korean War
• US gave most to the cause

Douglas MacArthur

  Matthew Ridgeway

MacArthur- Commander of US Army in Korean War

-Disagreed w/ Pres. Truman over Korea's importance

-Fired

Ridgeway-Takes over as US Army Commander after MacArthur fired

 Dwight Eisenhower

(Ike)

• wins 1952 election against Adlai Stevenson
• Likes Brinkmanship
• goes to Korea and begins work towards armistice
• During Presidency- Massive Retaliation, Mutually Assured Destruction, Somine Theory, CIA covert operations, Eisenhower Doctrine

NATO

1949

(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

-Not an alliance, but will help if a nation is attacked

-Exemplifies Truman's faith in containment of USSR

-Official nuclear policy under Eisenhower

-Massive attack against USSR if they

invade Western Europe

"Mutually Assurd Destruction"

So long as no one wants to be annihilated,

none will start WWIII

Foreign policy theory statingif one land in

 a region came under the influence of

communism, the surrounding countries would fall

To push a dangerous situation to the verge of disaster to

 achieve the most advantageous outcome.

Eisenhowers theory/policy

• Want to invade Cuba with Cuban/Anti-Castro soliders(started by Ike, pres. ends)
• Involve selfs in nationalization of Iran's Oil fields
• Interfer with Fruit Company money issues in Guatemala  

• Egypt nationalized Suez Canal
• US supported them
• Hungary rebelled against Soviet rule and wanted US's help
• We didn't want to risk a huge war over Hungary

-US spy planes fly over USSR

-Soviets 'shoot' one down

-Ike denies it was spy, says was weather research

-Krushchev has pilot and his confession

-Ike caught lying

-Were supposed to improve relations w/ US and USSR @ a summit, not anymore

-made Cold War last 30 more years

-improved USSR's image and hurt US's

• Soviet leader after Stalin dies
• Had missles in Cuba causing Cuba Missle Crisis
• Proved Ike a lier in U-2 Incident

Took control of Cuba in Cuban Revolution

Communist

• JFK changed Ike's plans to deal with Cuban Revolution
• Changed where to land in Cuba
• most of invaders died
• huge disaster

• USSR puts nuclear missles in Cuba
• US spots them
• US forms naval blockade to Cuba (keeps USSR ships out)
• JFK informs USSR, US will not invade if missles removed
• USSR will remove missles if US removes missles from Turkey(had already been planning to do this)
• Missles removed, crisis avoided

Loyalty Review Board

(1947)

• created by Truman
• many fired for 'disloyalty' or 'security risk'
• 1000's quit under pressure
• those with got jobs signed loyalty oaths

• HUAC investigated Hollywood
• feared communist placing propaganda in movies
• anyone who didnt cooperate was 'blacklisted'
• lots lost their jobs and couldn't work for hollywood again

Richard Nixon

Alger Hiss

Hiss investigated by HUAC

misspoke in trial-convicted of perjury

convinced public there were spied in got

Nixon gained fame from pursuing Hiss' convictions

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were convicted and

 Executed for goving bomb secrets to the Soviets

1st civilians convicted and killed for Espionage

McCarthy claimed to have a list of Communists who were working in the State Dept during speech in Wheeling WV

story aired across the nation

No Evidence! Republicans supported him

McCarthy seen as a 'bully'

Censured from Congress

showed that people can make false accusations

Supreme Court ruled: believing, even teaching,

an idea is not a crime

US economy and society growth

(1950's)

~GNP grew 250%

~US=producer of 1/2 worlds goods

~Americans buying power increases

~Automation causes loose of jobs

~Suburbs grew tremendlessly

~Highways

~TV becomes very important

~More Religion

•  Close election results between Hayes and Samuel Tilden
• 4 S. states produced disputed results
• 5 R and 5D study facts and choose who is President
• Hayes wins by 1 vote
• Hayes removes federal troops from S to make D. happy.

The Plessy Decision

Plessy v. Ferguson (1892)

• Court ruled that states could NOT prohibit segregation on common carriers (ie rr, streetcars, and steam boats).
• Distinctions based on race do not violate the 13th and 14th amendments
• Approved legally enforced segregation as long its equal

 Ku Klux Klan

(KKK)

•  1st Klan made illegal in 1871
• 2nd Klan WWI-WWII
• 3rd Klan was against Civil Rights movement
• lynchings, burning homes, etc
• Had political, economical, and social power

Jim Crow Laws

Poll Tax

 JC laws

allowed states to impose legal punishments on people for consorting with members of another race.

Poll Tax

denied blacks right to vote

enacted in south 1889-1910

banned on Federal elections in 1964

extended to all elections in 1966

NAACP

(National Assoc. for the Advancement of Colored People)

-Nations oldest civil rights organization

 -Used voter registration drives, protest movements, and

legal cases to inspire blacks to fight for their rights

 -Had a newsletter to get the word out

CORE

(Congress of Racial Equality)

-held sit-ins, voter registration drives, and freedom rides

 -members risked their lives 

 -interracial organization estab. by James Farmer

 -nonviolent approach to combatting racial prehudice

• first African American to get PhD from Harvard
• conducted many studies in black society in America
• concluded racism and social change can happen with agitation and protest
• supported integration and equal rights
• founding member of NAACP

-black labor union leader

-believed black progress rested in black working class

f-ounded and was president of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters when AFL barred black memebers.

-secured contracts with Pullman Company for blacks

-wanted FDR to end discrimination of blacks in employment at defense industries.

-Executive Order 8802 issued to stop that.

-helped end segregation in military, and helped with March on Wash.

-VP of AFL-CIO

~reversed the Plessy decision

 ~struck down notion of 'seperate but equal'

-segregation implies inferiority,

which is unequal

 ~segregation impaired learning by black children

 ~Ordered states to integrate schools

-organizations of white segregationists and supremacists who opposed

integration and the Courts decisions

 -100's of chapters thru out the S

 -had TV/radio programs, state assistance, and published books

 -could get people elected and not elected

• Blacks stopped riding buses in Montgomery, Al
• started after Rosa Parks' arrest
• Martin Luther King Jr was leader of boycott
• Black community faced a lot of hostility
• lasted 381 days

Dr. King and the SCLC

(Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

~King was believer in Ghandi's policy of nonviolent civil diobedience

~SCLC founded after Boycott and led by Dr. King

~highly publicized protests

~Most successful in Birmingham

-police commissioner, "Bull", used attack dogs and

high pressure fire hoses on nonviolent

 protesters(captured by TV cameras)

~Support for Civil rights movement increased

~SCLC helped organize March on Wash.

• Ark. Gov Faubus ordered National Guard to stop 9 black students from going to Central High School
• Eisenhower ordered 101st Airborne to Little Rock to restore order and protect the nine
• Faubus shut down all state schools

SNCC

(Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)

• took part in Freedom Rides and Freedom Summer
• Estab. Freedom schools to teach black and whites black history and the civil rights philosophy
• worked with CORE, NAACP, and SCLC in March on Wash.
• targeted with violence by white mobs
• homes bombed, beaten, and killed

• NAACP, CORE, SCLC, SNCC, and many others participated
• supported civil rights bill proposed by JFK
• 250,000 people from across the country
• Dr. King gave "I Have a Dream" speech
• no violence and lots of media coverage=success

• summer of 1964
• civil rights activists(many white) traveled south
• register African Americans to vote
• faced threats and harassment and 3 activists murdered
• churches burned and blackbusinesses fire bombed/burned

• Forbid:

- racial and gender discrimination in the workplace

-racial discriminaiton in most public places

-dicrimination in use of federal funds by s

tate and local authorities

•  Empowered Attorney General to speed up desegregation 
• Protected black voting rights 

Voting Rights Act of 1965

allowed federal officials to enroll blacks to

vote under rules to strict that no person could be

denied the right to vote on account of race