Due to parched land, the desert spread.

(The Sahara's desertification prompted people to move)

Ancient kingdom on fertile land of Nile, also called Kush.

Now Sudan.

Capital of Nubia.

Commanded Niles north-south & east-west trade from Red Sea to North Africa.

A.D 800.

Soninke people united villages to create Ghana. 

Located on "V" made by Niger and Senegal rivers.

Founded empire of Mali.

Only survivor, thought weak.

1312.

Greatest ruler of Mali.

Expanded Mali borders.

Converted to Islam.

Kingdom on bend of Niger river in present day Mali & Niger.

Gao is capital.

Kingdom located in southeast Nubia.

Extended from Ethiopia to Red Sea.

Everone was descended from farmers. 

A port that gave Axum its wealth. 

On Red Sea. 

Came to power of Ethiopia in 1200's.

11 remarkable churches.

Due to international trade system.

Language spoken.