Multicellular; eukaryotic; typical heterotrophs that injest their food; lack cell wall; in most phyla, cells are organized into tissues that make up organs; most reproduce sexually; development involves formation of a hollow ball of cells called a blastula.

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Aquatic; lack true tissues and organs; motile larvae and sessile adults; filter feeders; internal skeleton made up of spongine and/or spicules of calcium carbonate or silica. Examples: Venus flower basket, bath sponge, tube sponge.

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Previously known as Coelenterates; aguatic; mostly carnivorous; two layers of true tissues; radial symmetry; tentacles bear stinging nematocysts; many alternate between polyp and medusa body forms; gastrovascular cavity.

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(Phylum: Cnidaria)

Class: Hydrozoa 

Spend most of their time as polyps; colonial or solitary; life cycle typically includes medusa generation that reproduces sexually and a polyp generation that reproduces asexually. Examples: hydra, Portuguese man-of-war.

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(Phylum: Cnidaria)

Class: Scyphozoa

Spend most of their time as medusas; some species bypass polyp stage. Examples: lion's mane jellyfish, moon jelly, sea wasp.

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(Phylum: Cnidaria)

Class: Anthozoa

Colonial or solitary polyps; no medusa stage. Examples: reef coral, sea anemone, sea pen, sea fan.

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Three layers of tissues (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm); bilateral symmetry; some cephalization; acoelomate; free-living or parasitic.

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(Phylum: Platyhelminthes)

Class: Turbellaria (turbellarians)  

Free-living carnivores and scavangers; live in fresh water, in salt water, or on land; move with cillia. Example: planarians.

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(Phylum: Platyhelminthes)

Class: Trematoda (flukes)

Parasites; life cycle typically involves more than one host. Examples: Schistosoma, liver fluke.

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(Phylum: Platyhelminthes)

Class: Cestoda (tapeworms)

Internal parasites; lack digestive tract; body composed of many repeating sections (proglottids). Example: tapeworms.

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Digestive system has two openings-a mouth and an anus; pseudocoelomates. Examples: Ascaris lumbricodes, hookworms, Trichinella.

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Body composed of segments seperated by internal partitions; digestive system has two openings; coelomate; closed circulatory system.

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(Phylum: Annelida)

Class: Polychaeta (polychates)

Live in salt water; pair of bristly, fleshy appendages on each segment; some live in tubes. Examples: sandworm, fanworm, feather-duster worm.

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(Phylum: Annelida)

Class: Oligochaeta (oligochaetes)

Lack appendages; few bristles; terrestrial or fresh water. Examples: Tubeifex, earthworm.

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(Phylum: Annelida)

Class: Hirudinea (leeches)

Lack appendages; carnivores or blood-sucking external parasites; most live in fresh water. Example: medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis).

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Soft-bodied; often possess a hard, calcified shell secreted by a mantle; muscular foot; digestive system with two openings; coelomates.

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(Phylum: Mollusca)

Class: Bivalvia (bivalves)

Two-part hinged shell; wedge-shaped foot; typically sessile as adults; primarily aquatic; some burrow in mud or sand. Examples: clam, oyster, scallop, mussel.

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(Phylum: Mollusca)

Class: Gastropoda (gastropods) 

Use broad, muscular foot in movement; most have spiral, chambered shell; some lack shell; distinct head; some terrestrial, others aquatic; many are cross-fertilizing hermaphrodites. Examples: snail, slug, nudibranch, sea hare, sea butterfly.

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(Phylum: Mollusca)

Class: Cephalopoda (cephalopods)

Foot is divided into tentacles; live in salt water; closed circulatory system. Examples: octopus, squid, nautilus, cuttlefish.

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Exoskeleton of chitin; jointed appendages; segmented body; many undergo metamorphosis during development; open circulatory system; largest animal phylum.

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(Phylum: Arthropoda)

Subphylum: Trilobita (trilobites)

Two furrows running from head to tail divide body into three lobes; one pair of unspecialized appendages on each body segment; each appendage divided into two branches, a gill and a walking leg; all extinct.

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(Phylum: Arthropoda)

Subphylum: Chelicerata (chelicerates)

First pair of appendages speacialized as feeding structures called chelicerae; body composed of two parts, cephalothorax and abdomen; lack antennae; most terrestrial. Examples: horseshoe crab, tick, mite, spider, scorpion.

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(Phylum: Arthropoda)

Subphylum: Crustacea (crustaceans)

Most aquatic; most live in salt water; two pairs of antennae; mouth-parts called mandibles; appendages consist of two branches; many have a carapace that covers part or all the body. Examples: crab, crayfish, pill bug, water flea, barnacle.

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(Phylum: Arthropoda)

Subphylum: Uniramia

Almost all terrestrial; one pair of antennae; mandibles; unbranched appendages.

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(Phylum: Arthropoda)

(Subphylum: Uniramia)

Class: Chilopoda (centipedes)

Long body consisting of many segments; one pair of legs per segment; poison claws for feeding; carnivorous.

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(Phylum: Arthropoda)

(Subphylum: Uniramia)

Class: Diplopoda (millipedes)

Long body consisting of many segments; two pairs of legs per segment; mostly herbivorous.

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(Phylum: Arthropoda)

(Subphylum: Uniramia)

Class: Insecta (insects)

Body divided into three parts, head, thorax, and abdomen; three pairs of legs and usually one or two pairs of wings attached to thorax; some undergo complete metamorphosis. Examples: termite, ant, beetle, dragonfly, fly, moth, grasshopper.

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Live in salt water; larve have bilateral symmetry; adults typically have radial symmetry; endoskeleton; tube feet; water vascular system used in respiration, excretion, feeding, and locomotion; deuterostomes.

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(Phylum: Echinodermata)

Class: Crinoidea (crinoids)

Filter feeders; feathery arms; mouth and anus on upper surface of body disk; some swssile. Examples: sea lily, feather star.

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(Phylum: Echinodermata)

Class: Asteroidea (sea stars)

Star-shaped; carnivorous; bottom dwellers; mouth on lower surface. Examples: crown-of-thorns sea star, sunstar.

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(Phylum: Echinodermata)

Class: Ophiuroidea

Small body disk; long armored arms; most have only five arms; lack an anus; most are filter feeders or detritus feeders. Examples: brittle star, basket star.

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(Phylum: Echinodermata)

Class: Echinoidea

Lack arms; body encased in rigid, box-like covering; covered with spines; most grazing herbivores or detritus feeders. Examples: sea urchin, sand dolar, sea biscuit.

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(Phylum: Echinodermata)

Class: Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

Cylindrical body with feeding tentacles on one end; lie on their side; mostly detritus or filter feeders; endoskeleton greatly reduced.

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Dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal pouches, and a muscular tail during at least part of development.

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(Phylum: Chordata)

Subphylum: Urochordata (tunicates)

Live in salt water; tough outer covering; display chordate features during larval stages; many adults sessile, some free swimming. Examples: sea squirt, sea peach, salp.

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(Phylum: Chordata)

Subphylum: Cephalochordata (lancelets)

Fishlike; live in salt water; filter feeders; no internal skeleton. Examples: Branchiostoma.

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(Phylum: Chordata)

Subphylum: Vertebrata

Most possess a vertebral column (backbone) that supports and protects dorsal nerve chord; endoskeleton; distinct head with a skull and brain.

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(Phylum: Chordata)

(Subphylum: Vertebrata)

Class: Myxini (hagfishes)

Most scavengers; live in salt water; short tentacles around mouth; rasping tounge; extremely slimey; open circulatory system.

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(Phylum: Chordata)

(Subphylum: Vertebrata)

Class: Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys)

Larvae filter feeders; adults are parasites whose circular mouth is lined with rasping toothlike structures; many live in both salt water and fresh water during the course of their lives.

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(Phylum: Chordata)

(Subphylum: Vertebrata)

Class: Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)

Have jaws, fins,and endoskeleton of cartilage; most live in salt water; typically several gill slits; tough small scales with spines; ectothermic; two-chambered heart; males possess structures for internal fertilization. Examples: shark, ray, skate, chimarea, sawfish.

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(Phylum: Chordata)

(Subphylum: Vertebrata)

Class: Osteichthyes (bony fishes)

Bony endoskeleton; aquatic; ectothermic; well-developed respiratory system, usually involving gills; possess swim bladder; paired fins; divided into two groups, ray-finned fishes, which include most living species, and lobe-finned fishes, which include lungfishes and the coelacanth. Examples: salmon, perch, sturgeon, tuna, goldfish, eel.

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(Phylum: Chordata)

(Subphylum: Vertebrata)

Class: Amphibia (amphibians)

 Adapted primarily to life in wet places; ectothermic; most carnivorous; smooth, moist skin; typically lay eggs that develop in water; usually have gilled larvae; most have three-chambered heart; adults either aquatic or terrestrial; terrestrial forms respire using lungs, skin, and/or lining of the mouth.

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(Phylum: Chordata)

(Subphylum: Vertebrata)

(Class: Amphibia)

Order: Urodela (salamanders)

Possess tail as adults; carnivorous; usually have four legs; usually aquatic as larvae and terrestrial as adults.

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(Phylum: Chordata)

(Subphylum: Vertebrata)

(Class: Amphibia)

Order: Anura (frogs and toads)

Adults in almost all species lack tail; aquatic larvae called tadpoles; well-developed hind legs adapted for jumping.

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(Phylum: Chordata)

(Subphylum: Vertebrata)

(Class: Amphibia)

Order: Apoda (legless amphibians)

Wormlike; lack legs; carnivorous; terrestrial burrowers; some undergo direct development; some viviparous. Example: caecilians.

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(Phylum: Chordata)

(Subphylum: Vertebrata)

Class: Reptilla (reptiles)

As a group, adapted to fully terrestrial life, some live in water; dry, scale-covered skin; ectothermic; most have three-chambered hearts; internal fertilization; amniotic eggs typically laid on land; extinct forms include dinosaurs and flying reptiles.

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(Phylum: Chordata)

(Subphylum: Vertebrata)

(Class: Reptilia)

Order: Sphenodonta (tuataras)

Lack internal ears; primitive scales; found only in New Zealand; carnivorous. One species: Sphenodon punctatus.

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(Phylum: Chordata)

(Subphylum: Vertebrata)

(Class: Reptilia)

Order: Squamata (lizards and snakes)

Most carnivorous; majority terrestrial; lizards typically have legs; snakes lack legs. Examples: iguana, gecko, skink, cobra, python, boa.

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(Phylum: Chordata)

(Subphylum: Vertebrata)

(Class: Reptilia)

Order: Crocodilia (crocodilians)

Carnivorous; aquatic or semiaquatic; four-chambered heart. Examples: alligator, crocodile, caiman, gavial.

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(Phylum: Chordata)

(Subphylum: Vertebrata)

(Class: Reptilia)

Order: Testudines (turtles and tortoises)

Bony shell; ribs and vertebrae fused to upper part of shell; some terrestrial, others semiaquatic or aquatic; all lay eggs on land. Examples: snapping turtle, tortoise, hawksbill turtle, box turtle.

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(Phylum: Chordata)

(Subpylum: Vertebrata)

Class: Aves (birds)

Endothermic; feathered over much of body surface; scales on legs and feet; bones hollow and lightweight in flying species; four-chambered heart; well developed lungs and air sacs for efficient air exchange. Examples: owl, eagle, duck, chicken, pigeon, penguin, sparrow, stork.

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(Phylum: Chordota)

(Subphylum: Vertebrata)

Class: Mammalia (mammals)

Endothermic; subcutaneous fat; hair; most viviparous; suckle young with milk produced in mammary glands; four-chambered heart; most have four legs; use lungs for respiration.

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(Phylum: Chordota)

(Subphylum: Vertebrata)

(Class: Mammalia)

Order: Monotremata (monotremes)

 Exhibit features of both mammals and reptiles; possess a cloaca; lay eggs that hatch externally; produce milk from primitive nipplelike structures. Examples: duckbill platypus, short-beaked echidna.

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(Phylum: Chordata)

(Subphylum: Vertebrata)

(Class: Mammalia)

Order: Marsupialia (marsupials)

Young develop in the female's uterus but emerge at very early state of development; development completed in mother's pouch. Examples: opossum, kangaroo, koala.

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(Phylum: Chordata)

(Subphylum: Vertebrata)

(Class: Mammalia)

Order: Insectivora (insectivores)

Have long, narrow snouts and sharp claws for digging. Examples: shrew, mole, hedgehog.

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(Phylum: Chordata)

(Subphylum: Vertebrata)

(Class: Mammalia)

Order: Chiroptera (bats)

Flying mammals, with forelimbs adapted for flight; most nocturnal; most navigate by echolocation; most species feed on insects, nectar, or fruits; some species feed on blood. Examples: fruit bat, flying fox, vampire bat.

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(Phylum: Chordota)

(Subphylum: Vertebrata)

(Class: Mammalia)

Order: Primates (primates)

Highly developed brain and complex social behavior; excellent binocular vision; quadrupedal or bipedal locomotion; five digits on hands and feet. Examples: lemur, monkey, chimpanzee, human.

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(Phylum: Chordata)

(Subphylum: Vertebrata)

(Class: Mammalia)

Order: Edentata (edentates)

Teeth reduced or absent; feed primarily on social insects, such as termites and ants. Examples: anteater, armadillo.

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(Phylum: Chordata)

(Subpylum: Vertebrata)

(Class: Mammalia)

Order: Lagomorpha (lagomorphs)

Small herbivores with chisel-shaped front teeth; generally adapted to running and jumping. Examples: rabbit, pika, hare.

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(Phylum: Chordata)

(Subphylum: Vertebrata)

(Class: Mammalia)

Order: Rodentia (rodents)

Mostly herbivorous but some omnivorous; sharp front teeth. Examples: rat, beaver, guinea pig, hamster, gerbil, squirrel.

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(Phylum: Chordata)

(Subphylum: Vertebrata)

(Class: Mammalia)

Order: Cetacea (cetaceans)

Fully adapted to aquatic existence; feed, breed, and give birth in water; forelimbs specialized as flippers; external hindlimbs absent; many species capable of long, deep dives; some use echolocation to navigate; communicate using complex auditory signals. Examples: whale, porpoise, dolphin.

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(Phylum: Chordota)

(Subphylum: Vertebrata)

(Class: Mammalia)

Order: Carnivora (carnivores)

Mostly carnivorous; live in salt water or on land; aquatic species must return to land to breed. Examples: seal, bear, raccoon, weasel, skunk.

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(Phylum: Chordata)

(Subphylum: Vertebrata)

(Class: Mammalia)

Order: Proboscidea (elephants)

Herbivorous; have trunks; largest land animal. Examples: Asian elephant, African elephant.

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(Phylum: Chordata)

(Subphylum: Vertebrata)

(Class: Mammalia)

Order: Sirenia (sirenians)

Aquatic herbivores; slow-moving; front limbs modified as flippers; hindlimbs absent; little body hair. Examples: manatee, sea cow.

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(Phylum: Chordata)

(Subphylum: Vertebrata)

(Class: Mammalia)

Order: Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates)

Hoofed herbivores; odd number of digits on each foot; teeth, jaw, and digestive system adapted to plant material. Examples: horse, donkey, rhinoceros, tapir.

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(Phylum: Chordata)

(Subphylum: Vertebrata)

(Class: Mammalia)

Order: Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates)

Hoofed herbivores; hoofs derived from two digits on each foot; digestive system adapted to thoroughly process tough plant material. Examples: sheep, cow, hippopotamus, antelope, camel, giraffe, pig.

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