-4 phase war in Europe

-caused by Hapsburg efforts to strengthen their rule; resistance of Protestants and Catholics

-led to Peace of Westphalia that ended the war

-Conflicts of religious faiths ended

-Most destructive event to central Europe prior to twentieth century

-Ruled Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Austrian Hapsburg, and all of Spain's land in the New World

-abdicated in 1556

-House of Habsburg, married to Mary I

-conflict between him and Mary I led to the sending of the Spanish Armada to England

-ruled one of the world's largest empires

-under his rule, large number of explorations around the world

-Founder/King of Sweden

-established military supremecy

-helped determine political/religious balance in Europe

-the world's greatest power for over a century

-hapsburg dynasty ruled major branch of Spain for over a century

-controlled vast amounts of land

-became dangerously inbred

-primary champions of catholicism

-ended the Thirty Years' War

-led to religious toleration

-member of House of Hapsburg

-Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, King of Hungary

-His catholicism led Bohemian nobles to rebel, causing Thirty Years' War

-rule coincided with Thirty Years' War

-only female ruler in the House of Hapsburg

-last of the House of Hapsburg

-gained power through pragmatic sanction

-Frederick William I

-Believed in Calvinism

-Great military and political skill

-Between Prussia and Austria

-War over Maria Theresa's eligibility to succeed the throne of Hapsburg (because she was a woman)

-Austria supported by Great Britain and Dutch Republic

-France and Prussia allied by Electorate of Bavaria

-first global conflict

-hostility still simmering between Prussia and Austria over War of Austrian Succession

-Also in the America's with French and Indian War

-Britain became greatest colonial power

-Prussia became greatest European power

-significant grouping of English Protestants in 16th and 17th centuries

-Members of a eighteenth-century reform movement within the Church of England that advocated “purifying” it of Roman Catholic elements, such as bishops, elaborate ceremonial, and the wedding ring.

-King of Scots as James VI, then became King of England as James I

-scholarly and well educated

-believed that monarch's had a "divine right" and were responsible only to God

-Son of James I

-Ruled without Parliament, had no Army

-levied unfair taxes

-eventually tried and executed for high treason

-English war between Parliament and the Royals

-Stemmed from Charles I and his "divine right" ideas

-led to execution of Charles I, exile of Charles II, got rid of English Monarchy and replaced it with Commonwealth of England

-military leader

-helped turn england into a republic commonwealth

-became Lord Protector of England

-Archbishop of Canterbury

-Opposed radical forms of Puritism

-^that and his support of Charles I led to his beheading in the English Civil War

-Restored under Charles II after war of Three kingdoms

-Both houses of Parliament were restored

-a serious of laws that required religious test to hold public office, vote, or attend universities

-none but those who past test affirming their faith in Established Church

-Son of Charles II, cousin of Louis XIV

-monarch of Three Kingdoms

-attempted to work with Parliament, but received no funding

-alliance with Louis XIV

-converted to Catholicism

-believed in absolute monarchy

-battle between Parliament and the Crown

-led to his deposition and passing of English Bill of Rights

-signed English Bill of Rights

-led to cooperation between Parliament and Monarchs

-1688

-overthrow of King James II of England by an army led by William III

-William III then took English throne with wife Mary II

-also led to passage of English Bill of Rights

-series of acts of Parliament that put into effect the Treaty of Union

-Brought together Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland as the United Kingdom (Great Britain)

-King of France and Navarre

-involved in War of Religions

-converted from Calvanism to Catholicism

-enacted Edict of Nantes, guaranteeing religious liberties of Protestants and effectively ended the civil war

-overthrown in 1792, 1814

-definitively reestablished in 1815

-Spain and Luxembourg currently ruled by Bourbon House

-members of Protestant Reformed church of France

-Since 17th century referred to as French Protestant

-King of France and Navarre

-First Minister Cardinal was Richelieu

-participated in Thirty Years' War against House of Hapsburg

-teamed with Richelieu, became first example of absolute monarch

-built powerful navy

-mentor of Cardinal Richelieu

-served as chief minister of France from 1662 until his death

-acted as regent for her son Louis XIII until he came of age

-Richelieu sucked up and became close with Marie in hopes of being names First Cardinal Minister by Louis XIII

-married Louis XIII

-mother of Louis XIV

-served as regent to Louis XIV, under which time she appointed Cardinal Mazarin France's chief minister

-King of France from age of 4 until death (72 years)

-longest documented reign of any European monarch

-ruled through 7 counsils of state

-moved palace to Versailles

-revoked Edict of Nantes

-knew he was a terrible ruler, warned those that followed not to imitate him

-civil war in France after unfair rule and taxation by Louis XIV

-last rebellion by nobles to resist the King by arms

-location of palace

-de facto capital of France for over a century

-still an important suburb and judicial center

-last Hapsburg king of Spain

-had mental and physical disabilities

-war fought over possible unification of the kingdoms of France and Spain under one bourbon monarch

-Treaty of Utrecht

-Names King Phillip V king of Spain, but renounced his place in the French line of succession

-treaty that ended the War of Spanish Succession

-names Kind Philip the V king of Spain

-First Bourbon king of Spain

-Grandson of Louis XIV and Maria Theresa

-reign of 45 years is the longest in modern Spanish history

-became king through War of Spanish Succession

-last imperial dynasty to rule over Russia

-lasted from 1613 to 1917

-200 year period where Mongols ruled Russia

-territories became more independent, and rulers who cooperated with Mongols were given more power

-without destruction of Kievan Rus, Russian Empire would not have risen

-transformed the Tsardom of Russia into a 3-billion acre Russian Empire, a major European power

-created new capitol at St. Petersburg

-greatly reformed Russia

a mathematical and astronomical treatise proposing the complex motions of the stars andplanetary paths, originally written in Greek

-proposed geocentric model

Geocentric= everything revolves around earth

Heliocentric= everything revolves around earth

-Catholic Priest

-foremost proponent of natural theology

-the model teacher for those studying for priesthood

-practitioner of scientific method, pioneer of scientific revolution

-father of empiricism

-challenged Aristotle's deductive method with inductive method (scientific method; using observations to solve problems)

-Father of modern Philosophy

-Father of analytic geometry and key figure in Scientific Revolution

-used deductive method as introduced by Aristotle

-first to introduce detailed heliocentric model of the universe

-his book helped jumpstart modern astronomy

-danish nobleman known for accurate and comprehensive astronomical observations

-refuted theory of celestial spheres by Aristotle and Ptolemy

-combined the Copernican system and the Ptolemic system to create his own system (Tychonic system)

-German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer

-known for his eponymous laws of planetary (orbits were elliptical) motion, which helped lay foundation for Isaac Newton's universal gravity theory

-considered father of science, astronomy, Modern Science, and physics

-was a 1632 Italian language book by Galileo Galilei comparing the Copernican system with the traditional Ptolemaic system

-couldn't show favoritism one way or the other

-discovered the law of universal gravitation and the three laws of motion

-book seen to be one of the most important ever written

-layed foundation for modern mechanics 

-contributed to classical republicanism and liberal theory

-the mind is a blank slate: we are born without innate ideas, and knowledge comes from experience

intellectuals in France who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge and reason to their fellow creature in the Age of Enlightenment

-used reasoning to learn

-argued that free market economies are more productive and beneficial to their societies

-book is considered to be the foundation of modern economic theory

- the religious philosophy that deems observation of the natural world calls for a supreme being that created the earth

-doesn't call for specific deity; therefore allows religious toleration

-King of France and Navarre from age 5

-Member of House of Bourbon 

-had great reputation early; "the Beloved"

-was later one of the most unpopular kings in the history of France (due to debauchery of court and cession of France after Seven Years War)

-Frederick II The Great of Prussia

-Joseph II Emperor of Austria

-Catherine II The Great of Russia

-Maria Theresa of Austria

-member of Hohenzollern Dynasty

-attempted to flee from his father, unsuccessful and had to watch a childhood friend be executed

-supported religious tolerance

-Holy Roman Emperor, eldest son of Maria Theresa

-proponent of Enlightened Absolutism

-died childless, succeeded by his younger brother Leopold

-became empress of Russia after the assassination of her Husband, Peter III following the Seven Years' War

-under her rule, the Russian Empire expanded, modernized, and improved its administration