Term
| Stress + physical illness - Brady (1958) |
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Definition
* used monkeys so difficult to generalise to humans
*experiment was poorly controlled as he chose more active bar-presser monkeys to be the 'executive'
* ethical issues nowdays with using monkeys |
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Term
| Stress + the immune system - Kiecolt-Glaser (1984) |
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Definition
* correlatonal study so cause and effect cannot be assumed
* natural experiment so had ecological validity BUT only used students so can only be generalised cautiously
* other studies support findings |
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Term
| Life changes + stress - Holmes + Rahe (1970) |
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Definition
* doesn't take into account individual differences
* correlatonal study so cause and effect cannot be assumed
* ethnocentric (Americans only) and androcentric (males only) which reduces validity and makes it difficult to generalise to other populations |
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Term
| Stress in the workplace - Johansson (1978) |
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Definition
* individual differences are not controlled
* doesn't identify which stressor is most stressful |
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Term
| Stress + cardiovascular disorders - Friedman + Rosenman (1974) |
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Definition
* although some individual differences were controlled, other variables may not have been
* not an experimental study so cause + effect cannot be assumed
* other studies have failed to support findings |
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Term
| Anorexia nervosa - Holland (1984) |
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Definition
* high concordance rates with MZ twins may be due to environmental factors rather than genetic factors
* role of genetic factors contributing to anorexia is small
* sample size is small so probably unrepresentative
* other studies have not supported a genetic basis |
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Term
| Bulimia nervosa - Kendler (1991) |
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Definition
* compared to other twin studiee it is a large scale study
* high concordance rates with MZ twins may be due to environmental factors rather than genetic factors
* people may not inherit risk of bulimia but rather risk of obessive personalitys which could lead to an eating disorder |
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Term
| Childhood abuse + bulimia - Wonderlich (1996) |
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Definition
* data could be unreliable due to memory error
* later research confirmed findings |
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Term
| Self-esteem + eating disorders - Button (1996) |
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Definition
* may be unreliable as measured by a questionnaire
* biased sample as 60% of participants were in social classes 1 and 2
* cannot be sure process starts at 11-12, may begin earlier |
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Term
| Majority influence - Asch (1951) |
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Definition
* all participants were male college students so limmited sample
* in 1950's USA was very conservative- may have affected findings
* variations have supported the idea of majority influence |
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Term
| Conformity to social roles - Zimbardo (1973) |
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Definition
* has recieved many ethical criticisms
* zimbardo acted as both prison-superintendent and chief researcher which produced a conflict of roles so lost sight of harm being done to participants
* this study helped reform America's prison system |
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Term
| Minority influence - Moscovici (1969) |
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Definition
* artifical setting- not ecologically valid
*later research found consistency alone was not enough to ensure minority influence |
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Term
| Obedience - Milgram (1963) |
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Definition
* may have caused potential harm to participants
* Orne + Holland claim it has no ecological validity as it is not in areal life situation and no internal validity as the participants were only 'going along with the act' |
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