Term
| The most important aspects of an ideal drug are |
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Definition
| effectiveness,selectivity, and safety |
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Term
| What is the objective of drug therapy? |
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Definition
| provide max benefit with minimal harm |
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Term
| Because all pt's are unique, drug therapy was be tailored to |
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Definition
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Term
| New drugs man have __________ that have not yet been reported |
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Definition
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Term
| Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion are the four key components of |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ determines the concentration of a drug at its sites of action. |
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Definition
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Term
| Pharmacokinetics determines the _______ and ______ of responses |
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Definition
| intensity and time course |
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Term
| Drugs cross membranes by_________,__________, and________. |
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Definition
| passing through pores, undergoing transport, or penentrating membranes directly |
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Term
| Where is P-glycoprotein found? |
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Definition
| the liver, kidneys, placenta, intestine, and brain capillaries |
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Term
| A variety of drugs are passed through the cells via |
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Definition
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Term
| To cross membranes, most drugs must dissolve into the ________ of the membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| Lipid soluble drugs cross membranes________ but drugs that are_____ or ____ cannot |
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Definition
| easily, polar, or ionized |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| List the ways absorption is enhanced |
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Definition
rapid drug dissolutioin
high lipid solubility of the drug
large surface area
high blood flow at the site of administration |
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Term
| The main disadvantage of oral drug administration is ___________variability and inactivation by________. |
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Definition
| high, stoack acid, digestive enzymes, and liver enzymes. |
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Term
| What type of drugs are meant to be released in the small intestines? |
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Definition
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Term
| What medications are released slowly to permit longer intervals between doseing? |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ is defined as the movement of drugs throughout the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ refers to the presences of tight junctions between the cells that compose capillary wall in the CNS |
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Definition
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Term
| Because of the blood brain barrier, drugs must pass through the cells of the |
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Definition
| capillary wall to reach the CNS |
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Term
| Most drugs bind reversibly to |
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Definition
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Term
| The membranes of the ______ do not constitute an __________ to passage of drugs |
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Definition
| placenta, absolute barrier |
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Term
| When drugs are bound to albumin, drug molecules cannot |
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Definition
| leave the vascular system |
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Term
| Most drugs are metabolized in the liver and are catalyzed by the |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most important consequence of drug metabolism? |
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Definition
| promotion of renal excretion |
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Term
| What are some other consequences of drug metabolism? |
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Definition
conversion of drugs to less active forms
conversion of drugs to more active forms
conversion of prodrugs to their active forms
conversion of drugs to either more or less toxic forms |
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Term
| Some drugs can ______ hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes which_______ their own metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
| Most drugs are excreted by the |
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Definition
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Term
| Highly lipid soluble drugs ________ be excreted by the kidneys |
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Definition
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Term
| In order for highly lipid soluble drugs to be excreted by the kidneys they must converted to _______ by the ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is defined as the plasmas drug level below which therapeutic effects will not occure |
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Definition
| Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC) |
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Term
| Where do the therapeutic ranges of drugs lie? |
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Definition
| between the MEC and toxic concentration |
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Term
| Drugs with a ________ are easy to use safely. |
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Definition
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Term
| Drugs with a _______ are difficult to use safely. |
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Definition
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Term
| The time required for drugs to reach plateau is about |
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Definition
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Term
| Dosage size does not impact |
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Definition
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Term
| Flucuations in plasma levels between drug dosages can be reduced by |
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Definition
| giving smaller does at shorter intervals, continous infusion, or usings a depot preparation |
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Term
| A loading dose should be used for drugs with a |
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Definition
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Term
| After discontinuation, 94% of the drug will be eliminated over |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs and the molecular mechanisms by which those effects are produced |
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Definition
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Term
| For most drugs, the response gets more ____ with ________ dose |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is the biggest effect a drug can produce. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is a drug that produces an effecrt at low dosages |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ and ________ are independent qualities. |
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Definition
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Term
| A drug can be more effective even though a another drug is more |
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Definition
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Term
| Drugs can be equally effective though one is more |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ refers to the strength of the attraction between a drug and its receptor |
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Definition
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Term
| What term refers to the ability of a drug to activate receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| Drugs with high________ have high________. |
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Definition
| intrinisic activity and maximal efficacy |
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Term
| ________ are molecules that active receptors. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ prevent receptor activation |
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Definition
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Term
| What allows the antagonist to bind to receptors but lacks instrinsic activity? |
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Definition
Affinity
-this prevents the bound antagonist from causing receptor activation |
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Term
| ________ is a measure of a drug's safety |
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Definition
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Term
| Drugs with high therapeutic index's are |
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Definition
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Term
| The lower the therapeutic index, the least________ a drug is. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ interactions are beneficial when they increased __________ |
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Definition
| Synergistic and therapeutic effects |
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Term
| Synergistic interactions are _________ when they increase adverse effects |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ interactions are beneficial when they decrease adverse effects. |
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Definition
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Term
| Inhibitory interactions are detrimental when they______ |
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Definition
| decrease beneficial effects |
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Term
| Drug interactions can result in _______ or ________ absorption |
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Definition
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Term
| Competition for protein binding rarely results in an_______ in plasma levels of free drug |
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Definition
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Term
| Drugs that induce hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes can________ metabolism of other drugs |
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Definition
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Term
| When an inducing agent is added to a medication regimen, it may be necessary to ____ the dosages of other drugs. |
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Definition
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Term
| A drug that inhibits the metabolism of other drugs will cause an _______ in their levels |
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Definition
increase
-this can be beneficial but mostly detrimental |
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Term
| Drugs that act as an antagonist at a particular receptor site will_____ the effects of the drugs that act as an _________ at that receptor |
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Definition
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Term
| Drugs that are toxic to the _________ organ should not be combined |
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Definition
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Term
| What juice or fruit inhibits intestinal metabolism of certain drugs causing an increase in blood levels of those medications? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common cause of drug removal from the market? |
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Definition
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Term
| Drugs that cause prolonged QT intervals pose a risk for |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ can decrease drug excretion which causes drug levels to rise. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ can decrease drug metabolism which causes drug levels to rise |
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Definition
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Term
| Accelerated drug metabolism causes |
|
Definition
metabolic tolerance
-does not effect MEC |
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Term
| what is the ability of a drug to reach they systemic circulation from its site of administration referred to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Differences in bioavailability is most important for drugs with a |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ can alter the structure of drug receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is a poor predictor of drug responses |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ and ________ shared by the same group members can influence drug respones |
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Definition
| genetic and pyschosocial factors |
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Term
| The major source of individual variation in medication response is |
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Definition
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Term
| Absorption of IM drugs in faster in adults than in |
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Definition
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Term
| Absorption of IM drugs in children in faster than in |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________is limited earlier in life which may cause some drugs to be especially high. |
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Definition
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Term
| Neonates are especially sensitive to drugs that effect the CNS because |
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Definition
| the blood brain barrier is not fully developed at birth |
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Term
| Neonates are sensitive to drugs that are eliminated primarily by the liver because |
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Definition
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Term
| Children ages _______ differ pharmacokinetically from adults. The metabolize drugs______ |
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Definition
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Term
| The majority of drugs used in children have |
|
Definition
| never been tested in children |
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Term
| Plasma concentration of ________ drugs are low in the elderly but ________drugs are high. |
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Definition
| lipid soluble and water soluble |
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Term
| What is the most important cause of drug accumulation in the elderly? |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ should be tested in all elderly pt's taking medication elimated by the kidneys |
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Definition
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Term
| Adverse drug interactions are more common in the ______ than in young adults. |
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Definition
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Term
| Treatment with dangerous drugs, severe illness, multiple pathologies, and polypharmacy are the main causes of |
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Definition
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