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| priest in Persian pre-Zoroastrian religion, becomes the central figure of Zoroastrianism, receives revelation from Ahura Mazda that he (Ahura Mazda) is the only god |
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| a central figure in Judaism, was told by God to leave his homeland, ends up in modern day Israel and Palestine, called to have faith in God, makes covenant with God: his descendants will become a great nation, promise of a blessing and a land for his descendants |
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| Legitimate son of Abraham, father of Essau and Jacob, Jews are connected to Abraham through Isaac |
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| Younger son of Isaac who tricks brother, Essau, out of his inheritance, Jacob has fight with an angel, gets renamed Israel, Israel has 12 sons whose descendants become the 12 tribes of Israel |
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| One of Jacob/Israel's sons, is sold by his brothers to Egyptians, rises up and gains favor with Pharaoh, saves Egypt and his brothers from famine, the Jews get to Egypt through Joseph |
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| around 1280 BCE, grows up in the household of Egyptian pharaoh after Jews have lost favor with Egyptians are enslaved, leads the Jews out of Egypt, receives the law from God on Mount Sinai, as punishment for disobeying, dies before reaching the promise land |
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| King after Samuel, Golden Age of Israelite kingdom, Messiah is going to come from Davidic line, Davidic time is used as a symbol of perfection that once was, king from 1000-961 BCE |
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| king after David from 961-922, loves women, wine, and wisdom, leaves nation divided |
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| c. 445, responsible (with his scholars) for the redaction and compilation of the Torah, encouraged Jews to move back from Babylon to land of Israel, makes old religious scrolls coherent, Judaism begins to take form as a religion |
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| Greek leader who conquers Palestine and Egypt in 332 BCE, this starts the process of Hellenization of Jewish culture |
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| Also known as Judah the Hammer, leads the Maccabean revolt against the Seleucid Empire (Greek state started by Alexander) in 167-160 BCE, actually succeeds in revolt and establishes a period of Hasmonean kings with the agreement of Greeks that it would be a semi-autonomous Jewish client state of Greek empire, Hanukkah celebrates the reestablishment of the Temple in Jerusalem following this revolt |
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| important sage (precursor to rabbi) in generation before Jesus, featured in the Mishnah and Talmud, "law is with Hillel", one of the most important religious leaders |
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| Important sage (precursor to rabbi) in the generation before Jesus, seen as Himmel's foil in the Mishnah and often wrong |
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| chief editor and redactor of the Mishnah (the oral Torah), compiles it around 200 CE, also known as Judah the Patriarch, beginnings of Rabbinic Judaism |
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| develops Judeo-Arabic, uses the Hebrew alphabet, creates new literature and starts the Arabization of Jewish culture |
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| 1040-1105 CE, writes commentary on Talmud, still a standard piece of rabbinic scholarship, Jewish rabbi/scholar living in France, standardized the text of Talmud, also wrote commentary on TNK, one of the most famous medieval Jews |
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| scholar 1138-1204 in Cordoba( present day Spain), tried to reconcile Greek philosophy and revealed scripture, very influential |
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| also known as Israel (ben Eliezer) Baal Shem Tov, lived 1700 - 1760, concerned that scholarship and religion was too focused on book study and this was creating a dry religion with no spirit, very mystical/spiritual, should worship God because love God and love life |
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| lived 1860-1904, wrote the "The Jewish State" which is the founding document of Zionism, worked for Zionism his whole life |
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| probable time of Zarathustra's life, and perhaps also around the time of Abraham's journeys |
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| Kingship of David, establishment of the Davidic line of kings, Golden Age of Israel |
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| death of Solomon leads to the division of Israel into south (Judah) and north (Israel) |
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| period of ancient Israel, Divided Kingdom until 721, then just Kingdom of Judah (southern kingdom) |
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| destruction of kingdom of Israel by the Assyrians who disperse conquered peoples, Israel had been sold out by Judah |
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| Fall of Jerusalem to the Babylons and end of kingdom of Judah, majority of the Jews, especially the intellectuals and leaders are transported to Babylon, beginning of the Babylonian exile, destruction of the temple |
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| Second Temple Period, after the Edict by King Cyrus, includes the Hasmoneans and domination by the Greeks, Judaism takes form (with Ezra) in early part of this period |
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| Alexander the Great conquers Palestine and Egypt, Hellenization accelerates |
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| Maccabbean revolt against Greek domination by Judah Macabee, succeeds in restoring Jerusalem, sets up Hasmonean kingdom as client state to Greek empire |
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| Romans destroy the Second Temple of Jerusalem, rebel Jews flee to Masada |
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| Fall of Masada, where the last of the Jews in Jerusalem where camped, killed suicides before they could be captured by Romans |
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| Establishment of the modern state of Israel with the UN partition of Palestine, British withdraw |
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| belief in a unitary divine being |
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| there are multiple gods, but only one that is deserving of worship |
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| from of henotheism, that your god is worthy of worship because it is better than any other god |
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| form of henotheism, worship of only one god a time, but can change gods (like for the seasons) |
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| fundamental belief there is only one, one essence |
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| belief that everything is two, light and dark, good and bad, tension between dual natures |
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| single god in Zoroastrianism, other pre-Zoroastrian Persian gods become Amesha Spentas, or divine emanations fo the qualities of Ahura Mazda, humans need to be good and on the side of Ahura Mazda |
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| Ancient Persian monotheistic religion following the teachings of Zarathustra, taught the supremacy of Ahura Mazda who was fighting against Angra Mainyu (the main evil god). Humans have the choice between good and evil and there is a final battle to come (you want to be on the side of Ahura Mazda) |
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| Angra Mainyu (or Ahriman) |
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| main evil god in Zoroastrianism, fighting with Ahura Mazda, will be destroyed in the final battle |
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| First five books of the Hebrew Bible (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, known as the book of Moses, contain the stories of early Judaism and the law as revealed to Moses, contains multiple accounts of the same stories with different perspectives and points of emphasis, compiled and redacted by Ezra |
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| process that really started after Alexander the Great in 332 BCE, Jewish adoption of Greek culture, philosophy, and ideas, widely popular with the Jews |
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| Greek translation of the Torah done by 70 Jewish scholars in Alexandria, authors of the New Testament quote the Septuagint which influences how they understand the Bible, indicates extent of Hellenization of the Jews because once you have the language, other ideas follow more easily |
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| Between End of Babylon Captivity (515 BCE) and Roman sacking of the temple in Jerusalem (70 CE), period of Judaism coming together as a religion, Hellenization of the Jews, Roman occupation of Israel, time of the second temple of Jerusalem |
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| Kingdom from 922 - 587 BCE, time of the first temple of Jerusalem, from 922 - 721 have Divided Kingdom of Judah and Israel, from 721 - 587 just have Judah |
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| Jesus probably had similar background to the Pharisees, believe hypocrisy is the ultimate sin, popularize Judaism, people should go to synagogue and experience Torah and God for yourself, be involved personally |
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| ground of leaders, traditionalists in their view of scripture, believed only in the Torah as scripture which frees yourself for more interpretations, seen as hypocrites: wealthy, upper class, connected to rulers, influential, Hellenized interpretations |
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| council of judges, 1 in each town, Great Sanhedrin- 71 members, located in Jerusalem, head is nesse (President) or Patriarch |
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| Greek inspired concept, meeting house, local level of Torah studying, pray together, becomes central play for Judaism without temple (after 70 CE), local assembly, center of Rabbinic Judaism |
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| Oral Torah, written down oral tradition said to also have been revealed by God to Moses, written down due to fear of not being able to survive, compiled around 200 CE by Judah ha-Nasi |
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| combination of the Mishnah and the Gemara (early commentary on the Mishah), becomes central text of Judaism after the Torah, Palestinian Talmud compiled first around 380, but is the Babylonian Talmud completed in 499 that becomes standard for Jews all over the world |
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| leader in Judaism, success of rabbi depends on mastery of the Torah and the Talmud, primarily scholars |
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| plateau outside of Jerusalem that rebel Jews used as a stronghold after the Romans sacked Jerusalem in 70 CE. Fell in 73 CE, rebel Jews committed suicide before being captured by the Romans |
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| revolt from 132-135 CE, successful for a time, but ends horribly with the Romans pretty much slaughtering everyone, motivates the writing down of traditions due to a deep sense of loss and fear of complete extinction |
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| very popular in 7th-9th century, though not now, competitor to rabbinic Judaism, only has had tenuous relationship with mainstream Judaism, rejects Talmud and Mishnah, just focuses on the TNK and sometimes just the Torah, perhaps descendants of the Sadducees |
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| ridiculous rumors that medieval Christians believed about Jews having to do with the Jews doing absurd things with blood (ie recreating the death of Jesus, defiling communion bread and wine for rituals, sacrificing children), caused popular and state-sponsored persecution of the Jews all over medieval Europe |
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| type of mystical Judaism, focuses on mystical and spiritual interpretation of ancient texts |
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| document written in Aramaic by a scholar in Spain in the medieval time, said to be written in ancient times and recovered, document that kabbalah is centered on, generally believed to not be ancient, but the ideas could be ancient and just written down later |
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| political belief that Jews should have their own land somewhere (at first, not necessarily Israel though the most natural connection is to Israel) |
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