Which of the following is a symptom of a prolactinoma?

A. galactorrhea

B. loss of body hair

C. excessive menses

D. pregnancy

A. galactorrhea

Galactorrhea, amenorrhea (absence of menses), hirsutism (excessive body hair), and osteopenia can be caused by a prolactinoma. 

Which of the following is a symptom of Graves' disease?

A.Hypothyroid

B.Goiter

C.Absence of skin findings

D.Decreased sympathetic response

B.Goiter

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease. Its symptoms include hyperthyroidism, goiter (diffuse thyroid enlargement), ophthalmopathy, and dermopathy.

A person is diagnosed with a thyroid disorder. There has been destruction of thyroid tissue by lymphocytes and circulating thyroid autoantibodies. A relative also has this disease. Which of the following diseases does this person have?

A.Subacute thyroiditis

B.Hashimoto disease

C.Painless thyroiditis

D.Postpartum thyroiditis

B.Hashimoto disease

Hashimoto disease is also called autoimmune thyroiditis. It results in the gradual destruction of thyroid tissue by infiltration or lymphocytes and circulating thyroid autoantibodies. 

Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding myxedema coma?

A. associated with hyperthyroid

B. associated with hyperthermia

C. associated with lactic acidosis

D. associated with hyperglycemia

C. associated with lactic acidosis

Myxedema coma is a diminished level of consciousness emergency associated with severe hypothyroidism. Signs and symptoms include hypothermia, hypoventilation, hypotension, hypoglycemia, and lactic acidosis.

An individual is diagnosed with thyroid carcinoma. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A. throid carcinoma is the most common endocrine malignancy.

B. Individuals with thyroid carcinoma have elevated T₃ and T₄ levels.

C. Heredity appears to be the most common risk factor.

D. Most tumors are undifferentiated.

A. Thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine malignancy.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding an accurate diagnosis of diabetes?

A. More than one fasting plasma glucose level of 200 mg/dl or greater

B. A 2-hour postload plasma glucose of greater than 200 mg/dl 2-hour postload

C. Random plasma glucose level greater than 126 mg/dl

D. Impaired fasting glucose of 100 mg/dl or less

B. A 2-hour postload plasma glucose of greater than 200 mg/dl 2-hour postload

An accurate diagnosis occurs with more than one fasting glucose greater than 126 mg/dl; plasma glucose value in the 2-hour sample of 200 mg/dl or greater; random glucose level greater than 200 mg/dl with symptoms of polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria; and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) as a fasting glucose greater than or equal to 110 mg/dl but less than 126 mg/dl.

Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of new-onset diabetes?

A.Polydipsia

B.Anuria

C.Polyphagia

D.Weight loss

B.Anuria

The classic symptoms of diabetes include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and unexplained weight loss. Anuria is the absence of urine production or a urinary output of less than 100 mL per day.

Which of the following contributes to insulin resistance?

A.A thin body habitus

B.Illness

C.Active lifestyle

D.Young age

B. Illness

Resistance of the receptors to insulin is heightened by obesity, inactivity, illnesses, medications, and age.

Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

A.Increase in insulin

B.Decrease in catecholamines

C.Peak in the older adult

D.Accelerated gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis

D.Accelerated gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis

DKA develops when there is an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin or increase in insulin counterregulatory hormones. This includes an increase in catecholamines, cortisol, glucagon, and growth hormone. Emotional factors and stress, especially in children, can contribute to the development of DKA. Profound insulin deficiency results in decreased glucose uptake, increased fat mobilization with release of fatty acids, and accelerated gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis. Also glucose production increases, peripheral glucose usage decreases, and fat mobilization increases.

A person develops severe dehydration and hyperglycemia.

There is an absence of ketosis. Which of the following conditions does this person have?

A. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNKS)

B. DKA

C.Hypoglycemia

D. Somogyi effect

A. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNKS)

HHNKS is different from DKA in the degree of insulin deficiency and fluid deficiency. It is also characterized by a lack of ketosis. Somogyi effect occurs when hypoglycemia stimulates glucose counterregulation of hormones. This causes a rebound hyperglycemia.

Which of the following BEST describes the Somogyi effect?

B. Hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia

The Somogyi effect is a unique combination of hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia

A person has smoked one pack of cigarettes a day for 30 years. Which of the following is TRUE regarding smoking?

Which is a TRUE statement concerning the association of adiposity with cancer?

 A person drinks alcohol in excessive quantities. Which of the following areas is least likely to develop cancer related to alcohol consumption?

A. oral cavity

B. larynx

C. spleen

D. liver

c. spleen

Cancer of the oral cavity, larynx, pharynx, hypopharynx, esophagus, and liver are linked to alcohol consumption

A man has been around asbestos in his career for more than 40 years. Which of the following cancers is he most likely to develop?

A. bladder

B. leukemia

C. stomach

D. lung

D.Lung

Asbestos may cause mesothelioma or lung cancer. Shoemakers exposed to benzoyl inhalation develop leukemia. Those exposed to dyes, rubber, paint, and aromatic compounds develop bladder cancer.  Bacterial infection from H. pylori has been associated with stomach cancer.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the body’s defense mechanisms against cell damage?

A.The phase I activation enzyme is represented by cytochrome P-450.

B.The enzymes that protect against damage are found predominantly in the liver.

C.The two systems are xenobiotic and antioxidant.

D.Most xenobiotics are transported in the blood by lipoproteins.

C.The two systems are xenobiotic and antioxidant.

The xenobiotics are a variety of compounds that can cause cellular damage. They are transported by lipoproteins in the blood. The two systems to protect the body are detoxification and the antioxidant. The enzymes are primarily found in the liver, and the phase I activation enzymes are represented by the P-450 system.

Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding environmental risk factors and the development of cancer?

A.Human papillomavirus can cause liver cancer.

B.Hepatitis C is linked to breast cancer.

C.Physical activity reduces the risk of breast and colon cancer.

D.Chronic alcoholism is linked to lung cancer.

C.Physical activity reduces the risk of breast and colon cancer.

The following cancers have all been linked to obesity and higher rates of death: esophageal, stomach, colorectal, liver, breast, gallbladder, pancreatic, prostate, kidney, ovarian, lymphoma, cervical, and leukemia.

Which of the following does NOT affect radiation-induced damage?

A.Weight

B.Dose response

C.Repair mechanisms

D.Antioxidants

A.Weight

Radiation-induced effects depend on all of the following: dose response, LET, fractionation, protraction, repair mechanisms, bystander effects, and antioxidants.

Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding ultraviolet (UV) light?

A.It produces reactive oxygen species (ROS).

B.The degree of damage is not affected by wavelength.

C.It can cause the formation of sarcomas.

D.Ozone depletion has no effect on intensity of exposure.

A.It produces reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Skin exposure to ultraviolet radiation and ionizing radiation produces ROS in large quantities, which can lead to oxidative stress, tissue injury, and direct DNA damage. The duration, intensity, and wavelength content affect exposure. UV light can cause the formation of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas. Ozone depletion is increasing the intensity of exposure.

A person is diagnosed with melanoma. Which of the following is most likely accurate regarding this person?

A.The melanoma is found on the back of the legs.

B.The person is most likely of Asian descent.

C.The person is able to tan well.

D.Mortality from melanoma is 10%

A.The melanoma is found on the back of the legs.

Melanoma is often found on the trunk and backs of the legs. The mortality rate is 2% to 3%. Whites have a 10-fold increase over blacks, Hispanics, or Asians. Those affected are often fair skinned and unable to tan. They develop nevi easily or freckle.

Air pollution is associated with cancer. Which of the following statements pertaining to this association is NOT true?

A. Even modest contamination of the atmosphere can result in inhalation of appreciable doses of pollutants.

B. Radon exposure can occur in underground mines and in homes.

C. There is good evidence that air pollution is associated with cancers other than lung  and childhood cancers.

D. Indoor air pollution is considered worse than outdoor air pollution.

C. There is good evidence that air pollution is associated with cancers other than lung  and childhood cancers.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding childhood cancer?

A. It occurs commonly.

B. It is the leading cause of death in children.

C. It has a long latency period.

D. It is characterized by histology.

D. it is characterized by histology

Childhood cancers are characterized by histology, whereas adult cancers are characterized by anatomic site. In childhood cancer there is a short latency period, it occurs uncommonly, and it is the second leading cause of death in children.

A child develops cancer; which of the following is the BEST description for this cancer?

A.The embryonic tumors originate after birth.

B.They most commonly affect the brain.

C.They originate from the mesodermal layer.

D.The most common is lung cancer.

A child develops an embryonic tumor; which of the following is an accurate statement?

A. The tumor contains mature cells.

B. These tumors are undifferentiated.

C. This tumor may be diagnosed late in life.

D. This tumor is often labeled with the term carcinoma.

These tumors are undifferentiated.

.

Which of the following is the most common malignancy in children?

A.Leukemia

B.Nervous system

C.Kidney

D.Soft tissue

Which of the following viruses has been linked with the development of cancer?

A.Measles

B.Epstein-Barr

C.Mumps

D.Influenza

B.Epstein-Barr

Epstein-Barr has been linked with the development of Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and Hodgkin disease

Which statement is TRUE about the prognosis of childhood cancers?

A.More than 70% of childhood cancers are cured.

B.Survival rates for children of all ages have increased at rates equivalent to adults older than 50 years of age.

C.Combination chemotherapy and multimodal treatments have not been effective in children with cancer.

D.Young children are not as likely to develop the long-term sequelae of cancer therapy as adults.

A.More than 70% of childhood cancers are cured.

More than 70% of all childhood cancers are cured. Survival rates for children younger than 15 years of age have increased at rates similar to adults older than 50 years of age, whereas survival rates for adolescents and young adults have experienced much slower increases in survival. Combination chemotherapy, multimodal treatment for childhood solid tumors, improvements in care, and the development of research centers have contributed to improving cure rates in childhood cancers. Young children are particularly prone to long-term sequelae of cancer therapy.

Drug and environmental exposure linked to the risk of developing childhood cancers does NOT include which of the following?

A. Ionizing radiation

B. Antibiotic use

C. Pesticide exposure

D. Anabolic adrenergic steroids

B. antibiotic use

Ionizing radiation, pesticide exposure, and anabolic adrenergic steroids have been associated with childhood cancer risk

Which statement about multifactorial etiology is TRUE?

A.Exposure to a chemical that causes leukemia should result in all children exposed developing cancer.

B.The causes of cancer in children are well established.

C.It is probably the interaction of many factors that produces cancer.

D.Prenatal exposure to ionizing radiation has been linked to childhood cancers.

Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding the epidemiology of an acute cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?

A. CVAs are the leading cause of disability in the United States.

B. CVAs are the leading cause of death.

C. Fifty percent of all stroke victims have a second stroke within 1 year.

D. There are 2 million stroke victims a year.

A.

CVAs are the leading cause of disability and the third leading cause of death in the United States. There are 580,000 stroke victims a year in the United States, and 5% to 14% have a second stroke within 1 year.

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for a CVA?

a. Arterial hypertension

b. Smoking

c. Diabetes

D. obesity

D. obesity

Obesity may indirectly cause other risk factors but is not a direct risk factor. The other risk factors include arterial hypertension, smoking, diabetes, insulin resistance, polycythemia, increased lipoprotein A, impaired cardiac function, hyperhomocysteinemia, and atrial fibrillation.

yeah- finally a problem that isnt DIRECTLY linked to by being FAT! 

C. the most common cause of hemorrhagic stroke is hypertension.

Hemorrhagic stroke is the third most common cause of CVA. It accounts for 10% of strokes. The most common cause is hypertension. Hemorrhages can be massive, small, slit, or petechial. An infarct is a type of occlusive stroke.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding meningitis?

A. Bacterial meningitis is a primary infection of the gray matter.

D. Tubercular meningitis has a 90% recovery rate with an early diagnosis.

Tubercular meningitis has a 90% recovery rate with an early diagnosis and treatment. Fungal meningitis is uncommon. Aseptic meningitis is most commonly caused by a virus. Bacterial meningitis is caused by primary infection of the pia mater and arachnoid.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding encephalitis?

A. It is an afebrile illness.

B. It is caused by bacteria.

C. It is caused by arthropod-borne viruses.

D. It is caused exclusively by herpes simplex 2

C. It is caused by arthropod-borne viruses.

It is caused by a virus, often arthropod (tick or mosquito) borne. Herpes simplex 1 can also cause the illness; type 1 is more common than type 2. Encephalitis is an acute febrile illness.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding multiple sclerosis?

A. Uncommon disease

B. Affects gray matter

C. Involves the central nervous system only

D. Is a demyelinating disorder

D. IS A DEMYELINATING disorder

It is a demyelinating disorder of the CNS and affects the peripheral nervous system. It is relatively common and affects the myelin.