Details Title: JOUR 3510 Description: Final Exam Total Flash Cards: 150 Created: 10/14/2008 21:22:39		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Journalism Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term What things will you look for when editing a story? Definition accuracy fairness facts spelling and grammar Is the news in the lead? Organized? Understandable? Anything redundant or superfluous Term What makes a story newsworthy? Definition conflict timeliness proximity prominence human interest relevance unusualness Term verb form used as a noun Definition gerund Term verb form used as an adjective Definition participles Term verb form that can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb with "to" Definition infinitive Term Tom, as well as his mom, [is/are] going to come. Definition is Term The form, in addition to the check, [is/are] due soon. Definition is Term Jim or his parents [is/are] going to pay for it. Definition are Term Neither the children nor the mom [are/is] laughing. Definition is Term libel Definition "written defamation" false statement that exposes people to hatred, ridicule, or contempt; lowers them in the esteem of their colleauges; causes them to be shunned; or injures them in their business or profession. Term a person who sues for libel must prove the following: Definition the statement was published the plaintiff was identified in the statement the statement was defamatory the statement caused injury the publisher was at fault in publishing the statement Term publication Definition statement reached intended audience Term defamation Definition statement harmed the person's reputation Term Injury Definition statement resulted in general harm to subject / monetary loss Term Fault Definition The publisher demonstrated negligence in publishing the statement Term Three defenses to libel Definition Truth Media has qualified privilege Fair comment Term Fair comment Definition factual basis for opinion; first amendment protects opinion, but false and defamatory facts that underpin opinions are not protected Term Qualified Privilege Definition Statement made in public forum; privilege applies only to statements made during forum Term Truth Definition can you prove it? must be able to prove with court testimony; affidavits etc. Term The most used libel defense: Definition qualified privilege Term Public Figure must prove: Definition actual malice Term actual malice Definition reporter knew information was false or had serious doubts infor was true before publishing; disregard for the truth Term Qualified Privilege is when? where? Definition during official judicial, executive or legislative proceedings during official public meetings public records Term Public Figures Definition elected or have substantial control over government functions deliberately seek publicity make their living appearing in public people who deliberately try to influence the outcome of a public controversy Term __________ can be verified; ____________ cannot Definition facts; opinions Term ethics Definition set of principles that govern the conduct of groups and individuals Term What is the first ethical duty as a journalist? Definition Seek the truth and report accurately Term Potter Box steps to ethical decision making: Definition 1. Define the situation 2. identify the value underlying the choices (what is the upside and downside of publishing?) 3. Appeal to a moral principle to help justify decision 4. Choose loyalties (responsiblity to the public? publication? victim?) Term based on a conviction that as human being we have certain moral rights and duties and that we should treat all other people as free and equal to ourselves; our actions are morally right then--Only if we can apply our reasoning universally using the same reasoning in any similar situation Definition categorical imperative Term principle of utility Definition the greatest happiness for the greatest number Term the moderate and ethical position between two extremes; a compromise Definition golden mean Term A judge may award judgment to the defendant without trial if: Definition both parties agree on the facts involved in the case plaintiff can't meet burden of proof with "convincing clarity" Term actual malice Definition reckless disregard for the truth Term Public plaintiff standard of fault: Definition actual malice Term public official Definition one who has or who the public perceives to have, substantial responsibility for , or control over, the conduct of governmental affairs or someone whose qualifications for a position are of public interest. Term two types of public figures: Definition all purpose public figures limited public figures Term all purpose public figures Definition people who achieve such pervasive fame or notoriety or who occupy a position of such pervasive power and influence that they are considered public figures for all purposes and in all contexts within their community Term limited public figures Definition these people, by their public statements and actions, have projected themselves into the arena public controversy and into the vortex of a question of pressing public concern in an attempt to influence the resolution of an issue Term that Definition Relative pronoun that is used to introduce essential clauses Term a verb that takes an object Definition transitive verb Term a word, phrase or clause that modifies the meaning of a noun or prounoun Definition adjective Term a connective that shows the relation of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence Definition prepostion Term a group of two or more words that lacks a subject and a predicate; used a a noun or adverb Definition phrase Term an attribute of verbs; can be either active or passive Definition voice Term a word that may stand alone as an adjective, or combine with helping verbs to form different tenses Definition participle Term a verb form introduced by "to" can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb Definition infinitive Term an attribute of nouns and pronouns that depends on their use in a sentence, phrase or clause Definition case Term using the same grammatical patterns to express equal ideas in a sentence Definition parallel construction Term a verb form ending in "ing" used as a noun Definition gerund Term antecedent Definition the noun or phrase for which a pronoun is a substitute in a sentence Term my father used to quote his favorite line from Shakespeare__ "This above all__ to thine own self be true." Definition : ; Term An advantage of online page design compared to print Definition Flexibility Term Type set in a width that is different than standard column width Definition Bastard measure Term one of the four basic elements on a newspaper page Definition Cutline Story Headline Photos Term White space between columns of type Definition Gutter Term The underlying pattern that divides a page into columns Definition Grids Term Line on an inside page showing page number, date, paper's name, etc. Definition Folio Term Space between two lines of type Definition Leading Term One of five basic design principles Definition Balance Term Measure based on the number of dots used to create the illusion of gray Definition screen Term size of a typical lower case letter Definition x-height Term type with straight margins on both sides of the column Definition justified Term standard measure of type, calibrated as 1/72 of an inch Definition point size Term minimum depth for a leg of type Definition 2 inches Term Shape of type that should be avoided Definition Dogleg Term Line separating elements on a page Definition Cutoff rule Term Text that extends into a column beside its headline Definition raw wrap Term Placing a photo below the accompanying text Definition weak design Term Design principle that states pages should be made up of rectangles stacked on top of each other Definition modular layout Term photo resizing formula Definition RD/OD = RW/OW Term What every page should have Definition dominant image Term can be used to either separate or associate elements on a page Definition rule Term should be avoided except on pages with no photos or illustrations Definition Butting Headlines Term can be three to seven columns depending on the size of the page Definition grid Term package of briefs, usually runs on the left-hand side of a page Definition roundup Term can be created by using different optical weights Definition asymmetrical balance Term useful to have if the text of a story is too short Definition mug shot Term assembled from elements, these are combined to design an entire page Definition modules Term height of a tabloid page Definition 14-18 inches Term shape of text that should be avoided Definition inverted u shape Term appears beside a leg of text, often used when space is limited Definition sidesaddle headline Term minimum amount of text needed before a story jumps Definition 4 inches Term title or name customized in a graphic way Definition logo Term appears below a headline to explain things further Definition decks or subheads Term Every photographer expects on of these Definition credit line Term standard distance between cutline and text Definition 1 pica Term Used by some designer to jazz up headlines Definition underscore Term Most common way to break up long legs of type Definition subheads Term verbals Definition verb forms that lack the power of a verb, so they cannot serve as the predicate of a sentence. Verbals act as nouns, adjectives and adverbs. Term three types of verbals Definition gerunds, participles, infinitives Term participle Definition verb form that acts as an adjective Term has a subject and a verb but depends on independent clause for its meaning; can't stand alone Definition dependent (subordinate clause) Term one independent clause Definition simple sentence Term two or more independent clauses Definition compound sentences Term complex sentences Definition at least one independent cluase clause and at least one dependent clause Term compound-complex sentences Definition at least two independent clauses plus at least one dependent clause Term Nominative case: Definition used for subjects of a sentence and as a predicate nominative: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they Term Objective case: Definition Objective used for objects (direct objects, indirect objects, objects of prepositions, participles, gerunds and infinitives: me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them Term Who is __________, whom is ________ _____ is coming? Replace with another nominative to determine: To __________ should we address the letter? rework with an objective pronoun to determin. Definition nominative; objective; Who; whom Term "to place" - Definition lay, laid, laid Term "to recline" Definition lie, lay, lain Term words or numerals? addresses and streets numbered 10 and higher Definition numerals Term words or numerals? ages of people and things Definition numerals Term words or numerals? dates and times Definition numerals Term words or numerals? decimals and percentages Definition numerals (but not the word percent) Term words or numerals? decisions, rulings and votes Definition numerals - Supreme court ruled 5-4 Term words or numerals? dimensions and measurements Definition numerals; a 4-foot fence; 5 feet 9 inches Term words or numerals? fractions contain in numbers greater than one: Definition numerals 5 1/2 inches Term words or numerals? geographical and political districts: Definition numerals - 5th Congressional District Term words or numerals? monetary units Definition numerals; 5 cents, $5, $1.1 billion Term words or numerals? numerical ranking Definition numerals: No. 1 choice Term words or numerals? recipe amount Definition numerals; 2 cups of flour Term words or numerals? speed Definition numerals; 5 mph Term words or numerals? scores, stands, odds Definition numerals; 5-3 victory, 2-1 odds Term words or numerals? temperature except zero Definition numerals, 70 degrees; minus 5 degrees Term words or numerals? addresses and streets below 10 Definition words; fifth avenue Term words or numerals? distances below 10 Definition words; five-mile race Term words or numerals? fractions smaller than one: Definition words; one-half inch Term words or numerals? indefinite figures Definition words, thanks a million, we walked about five miles Term words or numerals? numbers used at the start of a sentence; except for a numeral that identifies a calendar year Definition words Term order of reporting time: Definition specific time, day, place; 5 p.m. on Thursday at City Hall Term http Definition hypertext transfer protocol Term www. Definition subdomain Term unique domain in http://www.scholastic.com/instructor/index.html Definition *scholastic Term denotes highlevel domain Definition .com Term http://www.scholastic.com/instructor/index.html: directory where web page is stored? Definition *instructor Term http://www.scholastic.com/instructor/index.html: what is html? Definition hypertext markup language; file that your browser uses to display the Web page Term formula for percentage increase or decrease: Definition new figure - original figure/ original figure Term a mill Definition 1/1000 of $1; which is the same as $1 for every $1000 of the property's value Term mill rate formula Definition value of property/ 1000 x millage rate Term Plaintiff’s burden of proof: Definition • The statement was PUBLISHED • The plaintiff was IDENTIFIED in the statement • The statement was DEFAMATORY • The statement caused INJURY • The publisher was at FAULT in publishing the statement Term NEGLIGENCE Definition : not exercising due care, based on ‘reasonable’ person or publisher Term Punitive damages: Definition awarded after finding actual malice; monetary reward designed to punish the guilty party Term fair comment Definition protects opinion about matters of public interest or things that have been put on public display. Term o QUALIFIED PRIVILEGE Definition allows media to cover privileged situations. • Privilege is conditioned on an accurate and fair account of the proceedings • Proceedings must be open to the public, or the information must be available for public inspection • During official duties • Statement made in public forum (privilege only applies to statements made during the forum) Term best common-law defense Definition truth Term • Summary judgment Definition o A judge may award judgment to the defendant without trial if: • Both parties agree on the facts involved in the case • Plaintiff can’t meet burden of proof with ‘convincing clarity’ Term • CODE OF ETHICS: Definition o Seek Truth and Report It o Minimize Harm o Act Independently o Be Accountable Term Purposes of news headlines: Definition • Summarize the story • Capture readers’ attention • Maintain the mood of the story • Help set the overall tone of the publication • Indicate the relative importance of the story • Add to the attractiveness of the page Term Characteristics of good headlines: Definition • Accuracy in fact, tone, scope and focus • Emphasis on the main theme of the story • Clear, succinct, grammatical, easy to read and understand • Vitality through strong, active verbs • Balanced and fair • Tasteful • Fresh and immediate • Legally sound (avoid libel) Term How to write headlines: Definition • Use present tense to describe past action • Each letter, punctuation mark and space in a headline is a UNIT or portion of a unit • Generally requires three readings • Write a sentence, then take out all unnecessary words until it fits in the space allotted Term What does HED TK 2-24-2 mean? Definition The headline will be two columns wide, type size 24, and 2 decks Term forumula for reproduction percentage Definition reproduction width/original width = reproduction percentage Term Principles of Design Definition Balance Contrast Proportion Unity Term Design Elements Definition type for body copy display type (headlines) borders or rules open space or white space art (photos, illustrations, and informational graphics such as maps, graphs and charts) color Term Choose stories based on: Definition Timeliness Proximity Prominence Relevance Unusualness Conflict Human Interest Term Good text shapes: Definition L-shaped: text wraps under a photo; U-shaped: breaks up boring stacks of text; Rectangle: safest, clean and clear Term Bad/risky text shapes Definition Doglegs, Reverse L, disconnected legs Term dimensions of a broadsheet Definition 22-24" vertical by 12-14" wide; 6 columns Term tabloid page dimensions Definition 12-17" vertical and 11-12" wide; 5 columns