Cause: French seized a bunch of American ships headed to Britain.

Event: John Adams sent delegates (Charles Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry) to Paris in 1797 to negotiate peace but the French agents demanded a fee before they could talk to the Foreign ministier to fund their wars and apologize for Adam's comments.

Result: Quasi-war

Cause: XYZ Affair

Event: An undeclared war between France and American in 1798. Adams crated the navy and marine corps and we beasted them.

Result: The Convention of 1800 was called when France decided they would see the US Foreign minister to avoid full-fledged war with us, mending our relations with them. This news did not reach the US until after Adams was not re-elected.

Cause: Strong federal gov.

The Acts: Required 14 years (instead of 5) for citizenship, allowed gov. to deport any "dangerous" aliens, and prohibited public slander of the gov.

Why?: Strengthen federalist's grip on government, weaken the Democratic-Republican Party, and decrease political opposition.

Result: Lots of protests and dissatisfaction because it violated the constitution. Virginia and Kentucky resolutions. 

Just before Adam's end of term, the federalists passed an act increasing the number of judges and federal court officials, hoping to maintain control of the judicial branch of government. The "midnight judges" were those appointed by Adams his last night in office. 

Result: Marbury vs. Madison case 

Cause: "midnight appointments", Marbury was a midnight judge who sought authorization form from new Sec of State, Madison who reject this appeal.

Event: It was taken to the supreme court where John Marshall declared the section of the Judiciary Act of 1798 that granted the S.Court power to try such cases unconstitutional.

Result: 1st time the court declared a congressional

act null and void, Judicial Review (the judiciary can declare a congressional act unconstitutional)

Party:Federalist<br>

Term: (1) 1797-1801<br>

Opponents: Thomas Jefferson (Anti-federalist)

Vice President: Thomas Jefferson

Secretary of State: Timothy Pickering (97-00), John Marshall (00-01)