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| A collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common. |
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| People who make all major group decisions become absorbed into the dominant culture. |
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| An organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procesures, and impersonality in personnel matters. |
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| A number of people who may nver have met one another but share a similar characteristic, such as education level, age, race, or gender. |
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| The process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group. |
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| The process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise. |
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| An abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon (such as bureaucracy). |
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| Informal Side of Bureaucracy |
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| Those aspects of participants' day-to-day activities and interactions that ignore, bypass, or do not correspond with the official rules and procedures of the bureaucracy. |
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| A group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity. |
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| according to Robert Michels, the tendency of bureaucracies to be ruled by a few people. |
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| Leaders who are only minimally involved in decision making and who encourage group members to make their own decisions. |
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| A group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility. |
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| A group that strongly influences a person's behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is in an actual member. |
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| A collectively small enough for all members to be acquanted with one another and to interact simultaneously. |
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| Illegal acts committed bu corporate employees on behalf of the corporation and with its support. |
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| Behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and other sanctions. |
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| The more than 55,000 local, state, and federal agencies that enforce laws, adjudicate crimes, and treat and rehablitate criminals. |
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| The systematic study of crime and the criminal justice system, including the police, courts, and prisons. |
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| Any behavior, belief, or condition that violates siginficant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs. |
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| Differential Association Theory |
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Definition
| Proposition that individuals have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with persons who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity. |
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| The proposition that deviants are those people who have been successfully labeled as such by others. |
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| Illegal activities committed by people in the course of their employment or financial affairs. |
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| A business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for a profit. |
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| Illegal or unethical acts involving the usurpation of power by government officials, or illegal/unethical acts acts perpetrated against the government by outsiders seeking to make a political statement, undermine the government, or overthrow it. |
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| Burglary, motor vehicle theft, larceny-theft, and arson |
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| The propositon that the probability of deviant behavior increases when a person's ties to society are weakened or broken. |
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| Systematic practices developed by social groups to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws to discourage deviance. |
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| The proposition that people feel strain when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals. |
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| The calculated unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property a government, organization, or individual for the purpose of gaining some political, religious, economic, or social objective. |
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| Crimes involving a willing exchange of illegal goods or services among adults. |
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| Actions-murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault-involving force or the threat of force against others. |
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| A process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture. |
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| Actions or practices of dominant-group members that have a harmful effect on members of a subordinate group. |
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| A group that is advantaged and has superior resources and rights in a society. |
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| A collection of people distinguished, by others or by themselves, primarily on the basis of cultural or nationality characteristics. |
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| The deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation. |
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| Individual Discrimination |
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Definition
| Behavior consisting of one-on-one acts by members of the dominant group that harm members of the subordinate group or their property. |
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| A negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of selected racial and ethnic groups. |
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| A catergory of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture and eye shape. |
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| A set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that is used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group. |
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| A person or group tha tis incapable of offering resistance to the hostility or aggression of others. |
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| A term used to describe the division of the economy into two areas of employment, a primary secotr or lower tier, composed of higher-paid workers in more-secure jobs, and a secondary sector or lower tier, composed of lower-paid workers and hazardous working conditions. |
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Definition
| Overgenaralizations about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories. |
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| A group whose members, because of physical or cultural characteristics, are disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment by the dominant group and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimation. |
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| A group composed of two members |
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| A group composed of three members |
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| Encourage group discussion and decision making through consensus building. |
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| Instrumental leadership/Expressive leadership |
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Definition
| Goal or task oriented/ Provides emotional support for members |
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Definition
| The process by which traditional methods of social organization, characterized by informality and spontaneity are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures. |
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| Refers to a violation of law or the commission of a status offense by young people. |
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| Societal norms and values that prescribe how people should behave and then follow those norms and values in their everyday lives. |
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| Differential Reinforcement Theory |
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Definition
| That both deiviant behavior and conventional behavior are learned through the same social processes. |
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| Ones who create the rules about what constitutes deviant or conventional. |
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| The initial act of rule breaking |
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| The process that pccurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant the new identity and continues the deviant behavior. |
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Definition
| Deviance that occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as nondeviant. |
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Definition
| The more than 55,000 local, state, and federal agencies that enforce laws, adjudicate crimes, and treat and rehablitate. |
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Definition
| Any action designed to deprive a person of things of value because of some offense the person is thought to have committed. |
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| Institutional Discrimination |
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Definition
| The day-to-day practices of organizations and institutions that have a harmful impact on members of subordinate groups. |
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Definition
| The coexistance of a variety of distinct racial and ethnic groups within one society |
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Definition
| The spatial and social seperation of categories of people by race, ethnicity, class, gender, and/or religion. |
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| A practive that occurs when members of a racial or ethnic group are conquered or colonized and forcibly placed under the economic and political control of the dominant group. |
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Definition
| The interactive effect of racism and sexism on the explitation of women of color. |
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| Theory of Racial Formation |
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Definition
| The idea that actions of the government substantially define racial and ethnic relations in the United States. |
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