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| The systematic study of human society and social interaction |
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| A large grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations |
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| the process by which societies are transformed from dependance on agriculture and handmade products to an emphasis on manufacturing |
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| The process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities rather than in rural areas |
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| Spencer's belief that those species of animals, including human beings, best adapted to their environment survive and prosper, whereas those poorly adapted die out. |
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| Patterned ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside any one individual but that exert social control over each person |
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| A condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of liss of shared values and of a sense of purpose in society |
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| functionalist perspectives |
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| the sociological approach that views society as a stable,orderly system |
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| Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives |
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| The sociological approach that views society as the sum of the interactions of individuals and groups |
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| Sociological research methods that are based on the goal of scientific objectivity and that focus on data that can be measured numerically |
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| Sociological research methods that use interpretive description rather than statistics to analyze underlying meanings and patterns of social relationships. |
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| A statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables |
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| The variable assumed to be the cause of the relationship between variables |
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| The variable assumed to be caused by the independent variables |
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| The extent to which a study or research instrument accurately measures what it is supposed to measure |
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| The extent to which a study or research instrument yields consistent results when applied to different individuals at one time or to the same individuals over time |
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| A poll in which the researcher gathers facts or attempts to determine the relationship among facts |
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| A research method using a data collection encounter in which an interviewr asks the respondent questions and records the answers |
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| Ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society |
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| That views groups in society as engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources |
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| Specific strategies or techniques for systematically conducting research |
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| Knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society |
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| A component of culture that consists of the abstract or intangible human creations of society that influence people's behavior |
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| Component of culture that consists of the physical or tangible creations that members of a society make, use, and share |
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| Customs and practices that occur across all societies |
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| The proposition that language shaped the view of reality of its speakers |
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| Collective ideas about that is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture |
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| Established rules of behavior or standards or conducts |
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| Rewards for appropriate behavior or penalties for inappropriate behavior |
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| Informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture |
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| Strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences in a particular culture |
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| More so strong that their violation is considered to be extremely offensive and even unmentionable. |
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| Formal, standardized norms that have been enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions |
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| A group of people who share a distinctive set of cultural beliefs that differs in some significant way from that of the larger society. |
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| A group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and norms and seeks alternative lifestyles. |
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| The disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultures radically different from their own and believe they cannot depend on their own taken-for-granted assumptions about life. |
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| The practice of judging all other cultures by one's own culture |
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| The component of culture that consists of activities, products, and services that are assumed to appeal primarily to members of the middle and working classes. |
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| Classical music, opera, ballet, live theater, and other activities usually patronized by elite audiences. |
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| The totality of our beliefs abd feelings about ourselves |
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| Those persons whose care, affection, and approval are especially desired and who are most important in the developmental of the self. |
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| The process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person in order to understand the world from that person's point of view. |
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| The way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others. |
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| The persons, groups, institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society |
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| A group of people who are linked by common interests, equal social position, and similar age. |
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| The aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being female or male in a specific group or society |
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| The aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of one's racial or ethnic status |
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| Anticipatory Socialization |
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| The process by which knowledge and skills are learned for future roles |
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| Prejudice and discrimination against people on the basis of age, particularly against older people |
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| The process of learning a new and different set of attitudes, values, and behaviors from those in one's background and experience |
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| The lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society |
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| The systematic study of how biology affects social behavior |
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