Term
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Definition
The 32 superhuman signs/marks of Buddha.
Ushnisha, Hair Bun,
Uena, Whorl of hair between eyes,
Neck folds,
Webbed fingers,
Spoked wheel foot print,
Arch In steps. |
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Definition
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Term
THERAVADA, HINAYANA, MAHAYANA, VAJRAYANA, DHYANA (CHAN/ ZEN)
T A H A M A J A D A C |
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Definition
5 SCHOOLS OF BUDDHISMM
Mahayana Buddhism greatly accepted by Japanese, Greater Vehicle, salvation through merit of past and current lives.
Vajrayana- Can get to nirvana in single lifetime. Relies on text.
Theravada buddhism excluded laity, promises meditation and monkhood will guarantee better karma in next lifetime in order to get to nirvana in long run.
Mahayana beliefs are both monks and laity can achieve nirvana in long run through merit and numerous lifetimes.
Fast Path to Nirvana by calling Namu Amida Butsu," for Amida Nyorai vowed that whoever calls this name with faith shall be reborn in a paradise called the Pure Land where then they can work on getting to nirvana. |
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Definition
Stupas are burial mounds built over Buddha's remains with Buddhist teachings. 9 original body parts.
No Entrance.
Top part is formless,
2nd part is world of form.
3rd part is world of desire.
Follows path of sun, has three spirals paths from top to bottom. Clockwise walking procession.
The square floor has 4 entrances. Ref. the 4 events of Buddha's life.
Birth- Enlightenment- Teachings- Death.
Pyramidal shape and masonry building materials |
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Term
| BODHISATTVA (S) BOSATSU (J) |
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Definition
In Mahayana Buddhism, bodhisattva refers to someone who is on the path of enlightenment.
In Theravada Buddhism, bodhisattva refers to someone who is already enlightened, but hasn't escaped the wheel of rebirth because of their desire to help others reach enlightenment.
Generally depicted as wearing a lot of jewelry.
Mahayana school |
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Term
| Buddhism intro into Japan. |
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Definition
Brought over from the mainland, specifically from Korea, around 500 B.C.E, Buddhism was easily assimilated by the Japanese because it did not replace Shintoism. It coexisted harmoniously.
Prince Shotoko 17 article constitution were moral rules, one of them saying to respect the teachings of Buddhism. This would slowly implement itself into Japan and influence the religious beliefs of the Japanese.
Japanese aristocrats built statues and temples.
It started in Nara and spread to Kyoto.
Mahayana Buddhism became the most popular school of Buddhism because it was more personal.
Mahayana Buddhist schools de-emphasize the ideal of the release from Suffering and the attainment of Nirvana, found in the Early Buddhist Schools. The fundamental principles of Mahayana doctrine were based around the possibility of universal liberation from suffering for all beings (hence "great vehicle") and the existence of Buddhas and Bodhisattva embodying Buddha-nature
Most Mahayana schools believe in a pantheon of quasi-divine Bodhisattvas that devote themselves to personal excellence, ultimate knowledge, and the salvation of humanity and all other sentient beings (animals, ghosts, demigods, etc.). Zen Buddhism is a school of Mahayana which often de-emphasizes the pantheon of Bodhisattvas and instead focuses on the meditative aspects of the religion. In Mahayana, the Buddha is seen as the ultimate, highest being, present in all times, in all beings, and in all places, and the Bodhisattvas come to represent the universal ideal of altruistic excellence. |
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Definition
Pagodas in Japan, Entrance ok.
5 Levels associated with 5 different levels of consciousness.
Made out of wood and topped with a finial on the top, rep. nirvana and also acts as a lightning rod.
Oversized roofs. |
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Term
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Definition
Means five tiered pagoda. Each tier refers to an element.
From bottom to top, Earth, Water, Fire, Wind, and Space (Cosmic)
Chirin, Suirin, Karin, Fuurin, Kuurin. |
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Term
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Definition
Five big buddhas. Represent parts of the Ultimate Buddha.
Are important to Shingon and Tendai schools of buddhism.
They embody five fundamental wisdoms -- wisdom against anger, envy, desire, ignorance, and pride -- to help us break free from the cycle of death and rebirth (Samsara).
Dainichi Nyorai - Center
Fukujoju Nyorai - North
Hosho Nyorai - South
Ashuku Nyorai - East
Amida Nyorai - West |
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Term
| JAPANESE SCHOOLS OF BUDDHISM |
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Definition
1. Kegon Shu Period where Daibutsu was built and Todaiji (Great Eastern Temple)
2. Tendai Shu Shingon Shu (True Word)
-Vajrayana rituals and meditation, includes mantras, mudras, and mandalas as important forms of mediations.
-Enlightenment achieved through your own mind.
3. Kamakura- Pureland, Nichiren, Zen |
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Definition
| A title used of the Buddhas, meaning 'victor’. The term refers to the fact that through his enlightenment (bodhi) a Buddha conquers all the negative forces which hold beings captive in saṃsāra. |
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Definition
| The ushnisha (Sanskrit, n., उष्णीष, uṣṇīṣa) is a three dimensional oval at the top of the head of the Buddha. It symbolizes his wisdom and openness as an enlightened being. |
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| Urna is a concave circular dot- an auspicious mark manifested by a whorl of white hair on the forehead between the eyebrows. It is often found on the 2nd and 3rd Century sculptures of the Buddha and Bodhisattvas. Sometimes it is represented with a jewel. |
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| Literally ‘the Śākyan sage’. A title of the Buddha, found particularly in Mahāyāna sources where it distinguishes him from the numerous other Buddhas mentioned in the sūtras. |
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Term
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Definition
| The final nirvana, which occurs upon the death of the body of someone who has attained complete awakening (bodhi). It is the ultimate goal of Buddhist practice and implies a release from the bhavachakra, Saṃsāra, karma and rebirth as well as the dissolution of the skandhas. |
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Term
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Definition
| SYMBOLIC / SPIRITUAL HAND GESTURES |
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Definition
10,000 - 300 B.C.E
Jomon means cord patterned |
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Term
| JOMON, EARLY, MIDDLE, LATE |
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Definition
Early: Cord applique, Dogu figurines.
Middle: More decorated, rims more complex. Shell Shaped Decal. Dog Eared. Cat like Dogu forms. Flamed Style Pottery.
Late: Alien hgead dogus, hollow, similar to cat form., Gamon Masks. Seated & Hollow. Demon Masks.
Late: Erased cord method developed. Like Middle but more developed and controlled atmosphere pottery firing.
Moved near seaside because of lower sea levels. |
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Term
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Definition
Two Types: Pit-type dwelling, consisted of a shallow pit with a floor of trodden earth and a roof; the other was made by laying a circular or oval floor of clay or stones on the surface of the ground and covering it with a roof.
The other was made by laying a circular or oval floor of clay or stones on the surface of the ground and covering it with a roof. |
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Definition
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Term
| YAYOI PERIOD, EARLY, MIDDLE, LATE |
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Definition
Named after neighborhood in Tokyo.
New ceramic throwing technology and rice marshland development. |
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Term
| SEAL OF EMPEROR KUANG-WU 57 CE |
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Definition
The Na state of Wa received a golden seal from the Emperor Guangwu of the Later Han Dynasty of China.
Early Chinese historians described Wa as a land of hundreds of scattered tribal communities,
Seal showed communication and interaction between China and Japan |
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Term
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Definition
Yayoi Period , a reddish chinese influenced pottery. Has foreground and background, incised marks, and painted decal. Low fired, made from coiling method. Not glazed
Middle Yayoi period saw Combed teeth decorations, spouted and footed vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
Bronze mirrors. From Chinese and Korean influence.
Original Chinese Kagami has TLV design. Chinese dieties and mythical beasts.
Chinese Inspired Japanese Mirrors- Mix of chinese and Japanese symbolism.
Japanese Original Kagami is a depiction of house with four houses. |
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Definition
| A darker earth colored pottery. Fired at a much higher temperature. For the rich. AKA stoneware. Technology imported from Korea |
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Definition
Found almost all in the Kansai region. Dotaku are bell like structures with engravings of seemingly abstract designs reflecting nature.
Has handle, engravings, bronze.
Zig Zag patterns to show heaven/ ground relationship. |
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Term
KOFUN/ TUMULUS PERIOD
ISE JINGU 4-5th century
Shinto Shrine |
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Definition
Rebuilt every 20 years
Shimei Style, 3 x 2 ken. 10 pillars, 2 gables, round pillars. Seperated from nature by 4 fences.
One story. |
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Term
KOFUN/ TUMULUS PERIOD
Izumo Taisha 2-3rd century
Shinto Shrine |
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Definition
Rebuilt every 75 years. 9 pillars, central pillar off center. Rectangular pillars. Has Central Heart pillar.
Looks 8 story tall.
Integrated with nature
Torii gate before entering.
Shimenawa to separate pure and impure areas. |
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| YAYOI PERIOD ARCHITECTURE |
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Definition
Squarish pit dwellings with heart and thatched roofs that reached to floor.
Also built above ground rice storage structures thought to be predecessors to Shinto shrines.
No nails involved, just just tying methods. Storage house has four posts for support. All wood and straw.
Burial mounds predecessor to Kofun tomulus period. Trench with square moat built around it. |
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Term
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Definition
Yayoi pottery was unglazed. They look hand thrown, but were made from coiling pottery. The smooth surface is created from a paddle
n the Early Yayoi period (250–100 B.C.E.), pottery was ornamented with knife-incised surface decoration
Middle Period: comb-mark decoration appeared
Late Period: Pieces produced during the late stages of the Yayoi period were often undecorated. The finished vessels were a russet color and included tall footed vessels, large and small jars, bowls and spouted vessels. Clay Slip sometimes applied to make it less porous |
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Term
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Definition
4th- 6th CE
Dogs + Horses domesticated.
Influx of people from mainland. |
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Term
| KOFUN KEY HOLE BURIAL MOUNDS |
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Definition
Key hole mounds were for imperial deaths. Giant Moat built around it.
Different from Yayoi burials. Yayoi had a square
burial with trench in middle. The trench has a body and a mound of dirt over it. It is all surrounded by a moat.
Burial pits had jars with beads, thought to be magical item. Burials included sword, mirror, jewelry.
Burials in the Early and Middle Kofun mounds were place in the top of the mounds, usually in stone-lined chambers entered from the top.
Late Kofun chambers were usually set on the ground under the mound and entered from the side through a passageway (yokoana chambers) |
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| KOFUN PERIOD ARCHITECTURE |
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Definition
| Hip and Gable roof that allowed smoke to come out. |
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Term
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Definition
Haniwas are clay figures found on most burial mounds. They are placed like a fence.
Early haniwas are large clay cylinders, and these remained the most common type throughout the Kofun Period.
Later: More common in eastern Japan than in western Japan. These included various animals, humans of all social standings, buildings, armor, weapons, shields and other things. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bulbous pots with short or long flaring rims, bowls with round bottoms, bulbous pots with short flaring rims and long pedestals, and pedestals with only a small cup on top used for setting other pots. The surface of most pots is roughened with a fine-toothed comb-like tool. The lips often have small notch-like indentations. And some vessels are painted with red and look very much like Yayoi vessels of the same shape and decoration. |
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Term
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Definition
| A darker colored pottery. Blue Grey Earth. Pottery wheel finally used. Ash Glaze. Yayoi style haji still permeates |
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| KOFUN- HORSE TRAPPINGS AND STONE RITUAL OBJECTS (STEATITE JEWELRY) |
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Definition
Filigree horse trapping, bronze work, gold gilted bronze. Demonstrated metallurgy advancement.
Stone jewelry, Stone soft when freshly dug. Hardens afterwards. |
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Definition
Ruler no longer a clan leader, but emperor by decree of heaven, centralized government to run provinces, no longer states in Japan. Enhance imperial court power.
Students sent to China to learn from culture and bring back to Japan |
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Term
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Definition
550-650 CE
Tied with/ Intro. of buddhism |
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Term
| ASUKA PERIOD PRINCE SHOTOKU TAISHI |
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Definition
He issued a rescript in the following year calling for worship of the three treasures - Buddha, Buddhist teachings, and priesthood. Two Korean high priests arrived in Japan in 595 - Eji from the kingdom of Koryo (Koma) and Eso from the kingdom of Paekche (Kudara). The prince almost immediately became a disciple of Eji and from him formally received the Buddhist commandments.
See the 17 articles. |
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| ASUKA PERIOD EMPRESS SUIKO |
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Definition
Suiko's reign include the official recognition of Buddhism by the issuance of the Flourishing Three Treasures Edict in 594,
Was First Buddhist Monarch and nun
System in 603 and the adoption of the Seventeen-article constitution in 604. |
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Term
| ASUKA EARLY PERIOD BUDDHAS |
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Definition
Face more inclined into a smile. Pronounced lip curvature.
Silk Road travel- Afghanistan, China, Rome, Japan,
Greco Roman influence. Waterfall drapery clothing, very stoic, flat. volume less.
Flat waterfall draperies on statues. Volumeless clothes, very noticeably Asuka period
Rectangular face, cylindrical neck, filing pronounced, Archiac smile |
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Term
| ASAKA PERIOD- TORI BUSSHI- |
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Definition
Asuka Period, first Japanese artist to make Buddhist images.
Make the Shaka Triad in Horyu Ji in Nara. |
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Term
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Definition
-entasis (slight curvature) of columnar elements
-"cloud-pattern" bracket arms with cloud-shaped holes supporting roofs.
-Swastika pattern railings
a thin block plate beneath the brackets at the tops of columns |
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Term
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Definition
| Coiffered /Lacuna ceiling. Grids of recessed square |
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Term
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Definition
| hip roof, or hipped roof, is a type of roof where all sides slope downwards to the walls, usually with a fairly gentle slope. Thus it is a house with no gables or other vertical sides to the roof. |
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Term
ASUKA- HORYU JI BUDDHIST TEMPLE FEATURES.
HEIJO KYO- NARA |
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Definition
Kondo means golden pavillion, Pagoda is built next to it, Kairo is the enclosing corridor.
Kondo houses the altar and images.
Coiffered/ lacuna ceilings, aka HOSOGE.
Walk in from south to north. |
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Definition
| Famous Buddhist temple in Nara |
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Definition
Tori Busshi is credited with the casting of this massive Buddhist statue. It is a triad and so Sakyamuni, the center Buddha, is attended by two other figures, Bhaisajyaguru to its right and Amitābha to its left.
Surrounded by four shitenno statues, (4 cardinal directoin guardians)
Healing Yakushi Budda made of wood, |
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Definition
| The compassionate/merciful all seeing bodhisattva. In Japan, depicted with 11 heads, hence the all seeing and sometimes with 1000 arms. Contains image of Amida Buddha in headdress. |
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Definition
| The "Future Buddha" Maitreya. Seen as left hand posed on face and leg propped on knee. Thinking position. |
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Definition
| Buddha of Healing, Horyuji dedicated to this buddha. |
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Definition
Upturned hand= "Don't Be afraid"
Down turned hand - To hold up drapery |
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Term
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Definition
| Awakening. Enlightenment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Japan's mythological and early historical past written history. Izanagi and Izanami created sun goddess Amaterasu. |
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Definition
| One who has reached enlightenment, Buddha |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the four guardians of the cardinal directions. Looks fierce, and dubbed Lord of the South. |
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Term
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Definition
Located in Todai ji Temple in Nara. Large gilt bronze buddha.
Also known as the Cosmic Buddha, the Danichi Nyorai (Buddha). Center of Japanese Esoteric Buddhism, mainly Vajrayana tradition. |
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Term
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Definition
Percolated into Tibet around 6th BCE
Pure form of Buddhism, True to its roots in the Pala system of North India.
Did develop new feature, incarnate llamas.
Says there is world of wars within self from ego.
People must realize self understanding and acknowledgment of one another's "self"
One must not be self serving, but compassionate and moral.
Tibet is a counter cultural culture, a monastic community. Over come your misknowing.
Vajrayana- Get to nirvana in single life time
Mahayana- Get to Nirvana through merit of lives.. |
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Term
| IMPERIAL REGALIA, MAGATAMA, KAGAMI, KUSANAGI |
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Definition
| Magatama= Jewel, Kagami = Mirror, Kusanagi= sword |
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