Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
small, never normal in size; incomplete development
ex: hypolastic left ventricle |
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Term
|
Definition
| congo red stain of amyloid, polarized light |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| b-2 macroglobulin amyloid |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| cause of disease; genetic, infectious, multifactorial, etc. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| progression of the disease from start to finish |
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Term
|
Definition
continuously dividing/mitosing
epithelium, bone marrow, endometrial glandular cells, gastric mucosa cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
quiescent but can reenter cell cycle, in G0
hepatocytes, smooth muscle, lymphocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
nondividing
neurons, skeletal and cardiac muscle |
|
|
Term
| reversible cell changes (response to injury) |
|
Definition
swelling of organelles
ribosome disaggregation
membrane blebbing
chromatin clumping
cellular swelling |
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Term
|
Definition
found in endometrium with fibrocystic changes
not neoplastic, but carries increased risk of adenocarcinoma |
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Term
|
Definition
benign prostatic hyperplasia
glands lined by 2 layers and intervening stroma |
|
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Term
|
Definition
reversible change
one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type
usually columnar is replaced by squamous, except esophagus
cause: chronic irritation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
etiology: gastric reflux
columnar (glandular) epithelium replaces squamous epithelium
increased risk of dyplasia and adenocarcinoma |
|
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Term
|
Definition
atypical proliferative changes
due to chronic inflammation or irritation
loss of orderly maturation, increase nucleus:cytoplasm ratio, increased mitoses, BM intact
PREMALIGNANT CHANGE |
|
|
Term
| irreversible cell changes (response to injury) |
|
Definition
lysosome rupture
dense bodies in mitochondria
cell membrane rupture
karyolysis, karyorrhexis, pyknosis
mitochondrial membrane rupture
Ca++ influx to mitochondria |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| complete dissoluation of chromatin |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| destructive fragmentation of the nucleus of a dying cell, chromatin distributed irregularly throughout cytoplasm |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| irreversible condensation of chromatin of cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis |
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|
Term
| characteristics of cells in necrosis |
|
Definition
swells, membrane ruptures, nucleus disintegrates, organelles rupture, neutrophils present
ATP-independent |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of cells in apoptosis |
|
Definition
shrinks (cell and nucleus), membrane remains intact, compartmentalizes into smaller bodies w/ intact membranes and organelles, macrophages engulf smaller bodies, no PMNs
ATP-dependent |
|
|
Term
| high susceptibility to ischemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| moderate susceptibility to ischemia |
|
Definition
| myocardium, hepatocytes, renal epithelium, 30min-2hr |
|
|
Term
| low susceptibility to ischemia |
|
Definition
| fibroblasts, epidermis, skeletal muscle, many hours |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CK, isoenzymes, LDH, troponin I and troponin T |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hypoxic cell death (except in brain)
nuclei are gone, ghost cells left
well demarcated lesion
wedge-shape
ctyplasmic eosinophilia, intact architecture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abscesses, bacterial infection
hypoxic death in brain tissue
basically only see neutrophils
localized collection of pus |
|
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Term
|
Definition
TB granuloma
central necrosis with surrounding lymphocytes and giant cells
sharply circumscribed lesion, white, cottage cheese
macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enzymatic (panc) or traumatic (breast)
calcium soaps with panc can be seen on CT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
immune complex mediated
deposit of immune complexes (pink stuff) in arterial walls |
|
|
Term
| consequences of ATP depletion |
|
Definition
1. Na+ pump fails (loss of enzymatic activity, cellular swelling, membrane blebbing)
2. CA++ pump fails (too much Ca+++, activates enzymes, apoptosis)
3. detachment of ribosomes (decrease protein synthesis)
4. unfolded protein response |
|
|
Term
| consequences of mitochondrial damage |
|
Definition
decreased ATP synthesis
mitochondrial permeability transition inserts into membrane, leaks cytochrome c |
|
|
Term
| consequences of increased cytosolic Ca2+ |
|
Definition
activates enzymes
1. phospholipase --> dec. phosolipds --> membrane damage
2. protease --> disrupt membrane and cytoskeleton --> membrane damage
3. endonuyceasue --> nuclear damage
4. ATPases --> dec. ATP
increases mitochondrial permeability transition --> dec. ATP |
|
|
Term
| consequences of free radical damage |
|
Definition
lipid peroxidation
protein fragmentation
breaks in DNA |
|
|
Term
| antioxidant enzymes, location |
|
Definition
Cytosol: SOD, glutathione peroxidase, ferritin, ceruplasmin
Mitochondria: SOD, glutathione peroxidase
Peroxisome: catalase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vitamin A
vitamin E
ascorbic acid
glutathione |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by generation of oxygen-derived free radicals from the damaged cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anti-apoptotic protein
increased expression in lymphoma
knock-out would cause increase apoptosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein E6 inactivates p53, reduces apoptosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces bcl-2 like protein, reduces apoptosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes high levels of FasL, induces apoptosis in noninfected CD4 cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cleave cytoskeleton and activate DNAses |
|
|
Term
| markers of apoptotic bodies |
|
Definition
phosphatidyl serine
C1q
thrombospondin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arrests cell cycle in presence of DNA damage
arrests cell in G1
major mediator of apoptosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bcl-2 decrease in thyroid and increase in Tcells
or
bcl-2 dec. in thyroid cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bcl-2 increase in thyroid cells and bcl-2 decrease in T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by PCP and induces apoptosis in macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
alcoholic hyalin change
formed by keratin intermediate filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurofilament (intermediate filament) seen in Alzheimer's disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fatty change, triglycerides accumulate in parenchymal cells
etiology: alcoholism, protein malnutrition, anoxia
Stains: oil red O |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cerebroside accumulates in macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ganglioside deposited in neurons in their lysosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lipid and phospholipid polymers complexed with protein; wear-and-tear pigment; liver and heart of aging patients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dihydroxyphenalanine from tyrosine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hemosiderin in macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hemosiderin in parenchymal cells |
|
|
Term
| hemosiderin, what and stain |
|
Definition
iron-ferritin forms
Prussian blue stains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
deposits on necrotic tissue, serum Ca++ is normal
ex: psammoma body, asbestos body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
deposits on living tissue, hypercalcemia induced
Etiology: parathyroid malfx, skeletal metastases, vitamin D malfx, renal failure
Seen in lungs and arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dystrophic calcification
meningiomas of brain and papillary adenocarcinjoma |
|
|
Term
| asbestos body, ferruginous body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| highest telomerase activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
specific indicator of MI
appears: 4-6h post MI
peaks: 16h post MI
disappears: 9-10d |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MB fraction is specific for myocardial damage
appears: 4-6h post MI
disappear: 36-48hr |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fluid leakage
Cause: increased hydrostatic pressure or reduced osmotic pressure in capillaries; no change in vascular permeability
Ex: CHF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fluid and protein leakage
cause: increased interendothelial space of vessels; increased vascular permeability |
|
|
Term
| vascular changes in inflammation |
|
Definition
transient vasoconstriction followed by longer vasodilation
increased permeability (transient, sustained or delayed) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| granules that store P-selectin within endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bacterial N-formyl-methionine
C3a, C5a
LTB4
TNF, IL-1
IL-8, IFN |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| IgG-Fc, C3b, iC3b, collectins |
|
|
Term
| leukocyte opsonin receptors |
|
Definition
Fc(gamma) receptor
complement receptor 1 and 2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lysosome oxidizes NADPH and reduces ocygen and converts to H2O2
myeloperosidase converts H2O2 into hypochlorite |
|
|
Term
| specific neutrophil granules |
|
Definition
smaller, fuse with plasma membrane
contain lysozyme and collagenase IV |
|
|
Term
| azurophil neutrophil granules |
|
Definition
larger, fuse with phagosome
contain: myeloperoxidase, NADPH oxidase, acid and neutral proteases |
|
|
Term
| soluble mediators of acute inflammation |
|
Definition
nitric oxide
vasoactive amines (histamine)
arachidonic acid metabolites (COX, LOX)
platelet activating factor
neuropeptides
plasma proteases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bradykinin
kallekrein
complement cascade
clotting products and enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Effect: vasodilation, inhibits rolling and adhesion of leukocytes, microbicidal
Source: macrophages, endothelium
Precursor: L-arginine
Syn Enzymes: nitric oxide synthetase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Source: granules of mast cells and basophils
Signal: bind of multiple IgE on mast cell
Effect: vasodilation, increase permeability, nasal congestion, nasal secretion
**Earliest chemical mediator of inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Source: granules of platelets and enterochromaffin cells
Signal: platelet aggregation
Effect: vasodilate, increase permeability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arachidonic acid metabolite, COX pathway
Effect: vasodilation, inhibit platelet aggregation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arachidonic acid metabolite, COX pathway
Effect: vasoconstriction, promote platelet aggregation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arachidonic acid metabolite, COX pathway
Effect: vasodilate, increase permeability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arachidonic acid metabolite, COX pathway
Effect: vasodilate, increase permeability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arachidonic acid metabolite, LOX pathway
Effect: vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, increase permeability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arachidonic acid metabolite, LOX pathway
Effect: chemotaxis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arachidonic acid metabolite, LOX pathway
Effect: vasoconstrict, bronchospasm, increased permeability, chemotaxis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arachidonic acid metabolite, LOX pathway
Effect: inhibit neutrophil adhesion and chemotaxis |
|
|
Term
| platelet activating factor |
|
Definition
Effect: vasodilate, increase permeability
Source: endothelium, platelets
byproduct of phospholipase A2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Effects: vasodilate, increase permeability, pain mediation**** |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Effect: increase permeability, contract smooth muscle, vasodilate, pain |
|
|
Term
alpha1-antitrypson
(inflammation role) |
|
Definition
found in serum
1. inhibits neutrophil elastase
absence --> alveolar rupture --> emphysema
regulator of inflammation |
|
|
Term
alpha2-macroglobulin
(inflammation role) |
|
Definition
serum and secretion
antiprotease, keep immune reaction in check |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| IFN(gamma), TNF(alpha), TNF(beta), IL5, IL10, IL12 |
|
|
Term
| hematopoietic growth factors |
|
Definition
| c-kit ligand, GMCSF, MCSF, GCSF, stem cell factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cytokine
Source: macrophages, mast cells, T cells
Action: stimulate exp of endothelial molecules and secretion of other cytokines; systemic effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cytokine
Source: macrophages, endothelial cells, some epithelial cells
Action: stimulate exp of endothelial adhesion moelcules and secrtion of other cytokines, systsemic effect; greater role in fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cytokine
Source: macrophages
Action: systemic effects, acute phase response activation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Source: macrophages, endo cell, T cell, mast cell
Action: recruit leukocytes to site of inflammation, migration of cells to normal tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cytokine
Source: dendritic cell
Action: increase production of IFN(gamma) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cytokine
Source: T cell, NK cell
Action: activate macrophage to have increased microcidal activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cytokine
Source: T cell
Action: recruit neutrophils and monocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
meshwork of pink exudate
acellular, smudgy
NO fibroblasts or capillary growth |
|
|
Term
| Tuberculosis (cause, tissue reaction) |
|
Definition
Cause: M. tuberculosis
Tissue: caseating granuloma (tubercle) |
|
|
Term
| Leprosy (cause, tissue reaction) |
|
Definition
Cause: M. leprae
Reaction: noncaseating granuloma, Acid-fast bacilli in macrophages |
|
|
Term
| Syphillis (cause, tissue reaction) |
|
Definition
Cause: treponema pallidum
Reaction: gumma, plasma cel infiltrate, central cells necrotic without loss of cellular outline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
plasma cell infiltrate
central cells necrotic w/o loss of cellular outline |
|
|
Term
| sarcoidosis (cause, reaction) |
|
Definition
Cause: unknown
Reaction: noncaseating granuloma with abundant activated macrophages |
|
|
Term
| cardinal signs of acute inflammation |
|
Definition
heat - blood flow
redness - vasodilation
swelling - increased blood flow and permeability
pain - due to swelling
loss of fx - related to others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
applies to benign epithelial neoplasms that form glands
applies to tumors that are derived from glandular tissue but not necessarily reproducing glandular patterns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carcionoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, melanoma, mesothelioma, glioma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tumor with components of 2 or 3 germ layers (epi, mesenchyme, neural)
Ovary - usually benign, worry when neural content present
Testis - usually malignant |
|
|
Term
mesenchymal tumors
(benign, malignant) |
|
Definition
fibroma, fibrosarcoma
lipoma, lipsarcoma
osteoma, osteosarcoma |
|
|
Term
muscle tumors
(benign, malignant) |
|
Definition
leimyoma, leiomyosarcoma
rhabdomyoma, rhabdomyosarcoma |
|
|
Term
epithelial tumors
(benign, malignant) |
|
Definition
squamous cell papilloma, squamous cell carcinoma
adenoma, adenocarcinoma
tubular adenoma (adenomatous polyp), colon carcinoma
fibrodenoma (breast), adenocarcinoma (or ductal carcinoma) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lack of differentiation, atypical looking
MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION SIGN
cellular/nuclear pleomorphism
increase nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio
nuclear hyperchromasia (increased DNA content)
large nucleoli |
|
|
Term
| keratin pearl, intracellular bridges |
|
Definition
| squamous carcinoma, well differentiated |
|
|
Term
| tumors where grading is important |
|
Definition
| breast, prostate, endometrium, astocytomas |
|
|
Term
| body cavity seeding cancers |
|
Definition
| carcinomas, mesotheliomas, thymomas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| initial route for carcinomas |
|
|
Term
| hematogenous spread cancers |
|
Definition
| used by sarcomas and carcinomas |
|
|
Term
| Bloom and Richardson grading |
|
Definition
Breast tissue
Tubule present (1-3)
Nuclear atypia (1-3)
Mitoses (1-3)
Total scores:
3-5 - Grade I
6-7 - Grade II
8-9 - Grade III |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CIS: stage 0
<2cm, LN-: stage I
2-5cm, 0-3LN+: stage II
>5cm, >4LN+: stage III
distant metastases: stage IV |
|
|
Term
| breast CA 5-yr survival by stage |
|
Definition
Stage 0: 92%
Stage I: 87%
Stage II: 75%
Stage III: 46%
Stage IV: 13% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T - tumor size
N - lymph node involvement
M - metastases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to follow pts with colon cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| four major mutation classes --> cancer |
|
Definition
oncogenes
tumor suppressor genes
genes regulating apoptosis
genes regulating DNA repair |
|
|
Term
| epigenetic changes --> cancer |
|
Definition
DNA methylation
Post-translational modification of histones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
genes which cause cell transformation
normal gene that is overexpressed or mutated
involved in ignoring contact inhibition when overexpressed
activation is DOMINANT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
regulate normal cellular proliferation
includes growth factors, GF receptors, signal transduction proteins, protein kinases, cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, and apoptosis suppressors |
|
|
Term
| growth factor, oncoprotein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| growth factor receptor, oncoprotein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| signal transduction, oncoprotein |
|
Definition
| RAS, AKT, PI3K, MAPK, BRAF |
|
|
Term
| protein kinase, oncoprotein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| apoptosis suppressor, oncoprotein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| myc, erbB-2 (HER2-neu), ras |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Self-sufficiency in growth signals
2. Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals
3. Altered cellular metabolism
4. Evasion of apoptosis
5. Limitless replicative potential (immortality)
6. Sustained angiogenesis
7. Ability to invade and metastasize
8. Ability to evade the host immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protein kinase activating oncoprotein and oncogene
activates the MAP kinase cascade
increased activation time in mutations found in tumors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tumor suppressor gene
arrests cell at G1s checkpoint |
|
|
Term
| oncogenes activated by point mutation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oncogenes activate by translocation |
|
Definition
c-myc (Burkitt's)
abl (CML, ALL)
bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
8:14 translocation
myc - Ig complexed together, increased myc production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
9:22 translocation
abl-bcr complexed together, more activation of tyrosine kinases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
14:18 translocation
bcl2 from 18 spliced into 14 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
translocation
EGFR and Erbb2 and EML-4alk fusion protein
activates K-ras |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. cmyc (leukemias, Burkitts)
2. Nmyc (neuroblastomas, retinoblastomas, lung carcinomas)
3. EGF (glioblastomas, squamous cell)
4. erbB-2 (breast, salivary, ovarian)
5. RET (MEA 2A and B, medullary thyroid)
6. ABL (chronic myelogenous leukemia)
7. KIT (GI stromal tumors)
8. K-Ras (lung, colon, pancreas) |
|
|
Term
| common tumor suppressor genes |
|
Definition
p53
RB
BRCA1
NF-1
WT-1
APC
NF-2
TGF(beta)
PITCH1
E-cadherin
PTEN |
|
|
Term
| tumor suppressor gene characteristics |
|
Definition
control cellular growth
both copies must be knocked out for tumor growth
RECESSIVE
vulnerable sites for DNA mdamage |
|
|
Term
| familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) |
|
Definition
loss of APC, K-ras, SMAD2 and 4, loss of p53
85% are sporadic cases
chromosomal instability |
|
|
Term
| hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) |
|
Definition
15% sporadic cases
TGFb and SMAD4 pathways
DNA mismatch repair genes
microsatellite instability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tumor suppressor gene
causes degradation of catenin B that normally would promote proliferation
loss of APC --> FAP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
90% of hereditary cancers, 10% of total Br Ca
70-90% risk of develop for carriers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cell membrane protein
transmits signals to cell nucleus
over-expression (breast ca, ovarian, others)
25% of invasive breast cancers overexpress
targeted by Herceptin
AMPLIFICATION |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
50-60% of melanomas have overactivated mutation
6-8% of all cancers have overactivation
Glutamic acid to valine substituion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mutated in half of all cancers
Normal fx: cell cycle pathway control, DNA repair and synthesis, cell differentiation, apoptosis
inactivated by viral oncoproteins
loss leads to shortened survival
overexpression of nonfxl form is unfavorable as well |
|
|
Term
| Warburg effect, persistence |
|
Definition
PI3K/AKT signaling
receptor tyrosine kinase activity
myc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| several are tumor suppressor genes as well |
|
|
Term
| stem-cell properties of cancer cells |
|
Definition
evasion of senescence
evasion of mitotic crisis
self-renewal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cannot enlarge beyond 1-2mm w/o
essential for growth and controlled between promoting and inhibiting factors
triggered by hypoxia via HIF-1alpha
p53 --> thrombospondin-1-->inhibitory signal
RAS, MYC, MAPK and VEGF stimulate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| steps of invasion/metastasis |
|
Definition
1. loosening of cell-cell contacts
2. degradation of ECM
3. attachment to novel ECM components
4. migration of tumor cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. products of mutated oncogenes
2. tumor suppressor genes
3. overexpressed or aberrantly expressed proteins
4. tumor antigens produced by oncogenic viruses
5. oncofetal antigens
6. altered glycolipids and glycoproteins
7. cell type-specific differentiation antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. outgrowth of antigen-negative variants
2. loss or reduced exp of MHC antigens
3. immunosuppression mediated by expression of certain factors in tumor cells |
|
|
Term
| actinic keratosis, precursor lesion for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| atypical hyperplasia of breast, precursor lesion for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ulcerative colitis, precursor lesion for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| endometrial hyperplasia precursor lesion of |
|
Definition
| endometrial adenocarcinoma |
|
|
Term
| esophageal metaplasia (Barrett's) precursor lesion of |
|
Definition
| esophageal adenocarcinoma |
|
|
Term
| gastric metaplasia (helicobacter) precursor lesion of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cirrhosis precursor lesion of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lung scar precursor lesion of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dysplasia (cervix, lung or larynx) precursor lesion for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adenomatous polyp precursor lesion for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hashimoto's disease precursor lesion for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| small cell medullary CA endocrinopathy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chorio ca of testis endocrinopathy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| small cell cancer of lung endocrinopathy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medullary ca of thyroid endocrinopathy |
|
Definition
| calcitoning, hypocalcemia |
|
|
Term
| islet cell endocrinopathy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| small cell general endocrinopathy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| renal cell and hepatocellular ca endocrinopathy |
|
Definition
| erythropoietin, increased hematocrit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arrive via portal circulation
GI and pancrease, lung, breast, melanomas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breast, stomach, sarcomas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lung, breast, prostate, kidney, thyroid
either break down or promote bone formation
prostate - osteoblastic
breast - osteolytic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| colon cancer staging (tumor size) |
|
Definition
Tis - not through muscularis mucosa
T1 - invades submucosa
T2 - into muscularis propria, but not through
T3 - through muscularis propria
T4 - invades adjacent organs |
|
|
Term
| colon cancer staging (lymph nodes, metastases) |
|
Definition
N0 - no nodes involved
N1 - 1-3 regional lymph nodes
N2 - 4+ regional lymph nodes
M0 - none
M1 - present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hepatocellular cancer marker, or germ cell tumor
>500ng/ml |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pancreatic cancer marker (80%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prostate cancer marker
0-4ng/ml is normal
>10ng/ml is highly suspicious for CA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elevated in prostate cancer assoc. with bone metastasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gestational trophoblastic tumors, testicular tumor
cancer marker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for HER2/neu positive breast cancers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for ER positive breast cancers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gastric adenocarcinoma paraneoplastic syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Eaton-Lambert or ACTH Cushing's or ADH |
|
Definition
| small cell cancer paraneoplastic syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bronchogenic cancer paraneoplastic syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gastric cancer paraneoplastic syndrome |
|
|
Term
| migratory thrombophlebitis (Trousseua's) |
|
Definition
| pancreatic cancer paraneoplastic syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
squamous cell cancer paraneoplastic syndrome
MOST COMMON PARANEOPLASTIC |
|
|
Term
| serotonin, bradykinin syndrome |
|
Definition
carcinoid tumor paraneoplastic syndrome
usually of liver or lung |
|
|
Term
| benign, but killer tumors |
|
Definition
meningioma - grow in skull, compression, death
leiomyoma - erode blood vessel, bleed out |
|
|
Term
| malignant but not metastatic tumors |
|
Definition
glioblastoma multiforme
basal cell carcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mass of disorganized tissue indigenous to the particular site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| congenital anomaly consisting of a heterotopic rest of cells |
|
|
Term
| clear cell carcinoma metastatic site |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cutaneous melanoma metastatic site |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| follicular carcinoma of thyroid metastatic site |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| female top 3 cancer sites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| male top 3 cancer mortality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| female top 3 cancer mortality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HTLV-1, HCV, HPV, EBV, HBV, HSV-8 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
retrovirus
assoc. with human T lymphoma leukemia
causes tax gene proliferation and stimulates proliferation of T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RNA virus assoc. with liver cancer
contraction by blood transfusion possible
cirrhosis in 17%
hepatoma in 50% of the 17% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
16 and 18 most common for CA
DNA virus
cervical cancer
E6 binds p53 and E7 binds RB |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA virus
translocation 8:14 or cmych to 2, 14, or 22
burkitt's lymphoma, hodkin's lymphoma or nasopharyngeal cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA virus
HBx binds to p53 and activates growth promoter genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kaposi's sarcoma of endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
| preventable cancer risk factors, % cancer assoc. |
|
Definition
tobacco 30%
diet 30%
occupational 5% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
strong
metabolic activation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| irreversible, mutation-like, additvive, no threshold, early S phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decays, enhance growth, not cumulative, definite threshold, milieu sensitive |
|
|
Term
| breast cancer assoc. genes |
|
Definition
BRCA1 and 2
p53, Chk2, ATM, pTEN, her2/neu |
|
|
Term
| good prognosis breast ductal carcinomas |
|
Definition
tubular carcinoma
mucinous carcinoma
medullary carcinoma
adenoid cystic carcionoma |
|
|
Term
| bad prognosis breast duct carcinoma |
|
Definition
metaplastic carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells
apocrine carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| EBV receptor for attachment |
|
Definition
| CD21 (CR2) mostly on CD8 T cells |
|
|
Term
| rhinovirus receptor for attachment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rabies receptor for attachment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HIV receptor for attachment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mycobacterium
nocardia
rhodococcus
cryptosporidium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
staph, GNR, anaerobes
spread via airways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
strep pneumoniae
klebsiella
H. flu
spread via alveoli septum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lung fluke, parasite
granulomatous reaction to EGGS (at center of granuloma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fungus
opportunistic in transplant/heme-onc
narrow, septate hyphae with branches <45*
vascular invasion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fungus
DKA, transplant, heme-onc
broad, irregular, ribbon, aseptate hyphae, right angle branching |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anaerobic bacteria
poor oral hygiene
gram-positive, filamentous, NOT acid fast
draining fistulas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chlamyida trachomatis - less virulent, more asymptomatic
Neisseria gonorrhoeae - more virulent, more damage, more symptoms |
|
|
Term
| pyelonephritis, agent and characteristics |
|
Definition
E. coli
high fever, chills, pain
THYROIDIZATION OF KIDNEY |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
corynebacterium diphtheria
G+ rod
highly contagious
normal flora w/o toxin
exotoxin destroys myocytes
pseudomembrane in bronchus (inflame cell, dead epi cells, bacteria) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
treponema pallidum, spirochete
1* = chanchre - PAINLESS, 3-4wks
2* = COPPER rash, fever, lymphadenopathy, CONDYLOMA LATA 10 weeks
3* = aneurysms in thoracic or ascending aorta, OBLITERATIVE ENDOARTERITIS (attacked arteries) - inflammation of media layer, plasma cells around vaso vasorum
dx: VDRL and treponemal tests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
microbacterium tuberculosis
micro - necrotizing granuloma
gross - caseous necrosis
ghon = 1*, apical disease = reactivation
acid-fast, slow growing
spread by aerosols
cord factor, liparabinomannan
IFN(gamma) plays huge role in granuloma/giant cell formation
dx: Middlebrook medium, acid-fast, DNA amplified probes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
histoplasma capsulatum, fungus
NONCOMMUNICABLE
BLACK BIRDS AND BATS POOP
micro - necrotizing granulomas, identical to TB
budding yeast, INTRACELLULAR W/IN PHAGOCYTES |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cocidioides immitus, fungus
California and Arizona
SPHERULES WITH ENDOPORES
micro - necrotizing granulomas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
blastomycoes dermatitidis, fungus
large yeast w/ BROAD-BASED BUDS, thick cell wall
mimics squamous carcinoma
mixed inflammation (macs and neutrophils)
PSEUDO-EPITHELIOMATOUS HYPERPLASIA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pneumocystis jiroveci, fungus
CYSTS of GMS stain, 8 TROPHOZOITES ON GIEMSA
foamy pink stuff in alveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cryptococcus neoformans, fungus
capsule of mucopolysaccharides
Indian ink - poor sens/spec
dx: LATEX AGGLUTINATION - high sens/spec
PIGEONS
mucicarmine stain for capsule, melanin stain for wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
entamoeba histolytica
FLASK-SHAPED ULCER IN COLON
ERYTHROPHAGOCYTOSIS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
strongyloides, parasitic worm
autoinfection, immunocompromised
HTLV-1 assoc.
calcified on H&E |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NUCLEAR ONLY INCLUSIONS (as compared to HSV)
CROWDY B type inclusions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enlarged cells
owl's eye, intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions
CROWDY A AND B
indisguishable from VZV histologically
chroioretinitis in Cellular immunocompromised
Dx: shell vial culture (24-48hrs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nuclear inclusions, Crowdy B
affects GANGLIA AND ADRENAL MEDULLA
indistinguishable from CMV histologically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
toxoplasma gondii
cause brain abscess that are ring-enhancing
cysts w/in abscesses
resembles spherule with endospore (but seen in brain, lung and heart only; free living in lung) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
virus
lymphocytes and plasma in portal zone
loss of hepatocytes and cirrhosis forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
60% common colds
small RNA virus
binds ICAM-1 on epithelial cells
INDUCES MUCUS SECRETIONS VIA BRADYKININ
dx: clinical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RNA, types A/B/C
hemagglutinin and neuraminidase
airborne droplets/contact of surfaces
RAPID ONSET
pneumonia in persons with heart/lung disease
Clearance by cytotoxic T cells
dx: DFA, RTPCR
tx: Tamiflu w/in first 48hr |
|
|
Term
| top two CA-pneumonia agents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
staph aureus (MRSA > MSSA)
GNR (klebsiella, pseudomonas)
legionella
anaerobes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
G+ lancet-shaped diplococcic, alpha-hemolytic
likely agent of bronchopneumonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tiny G- coccobacilli, culture on chocolate agar X&V req., latex agglutination or DNA probe
LIFE-THREATENING EPIGLOTTITIS, otitis media, chronic bronchitis, bronchopneumonia
PURULENT PATHOGENESIS, fibrin rich exudates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pseudomonas aeruginosa, small, G- rod
necrotizing pneumonia with necrotizing vasculitis
HA-pneumonia
smells fruity, Beta-hemolysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
plump G- rod, white spaces around rods --> encapsulated
MacConkey agar mucoid capsule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
polysaccharide of m. tuberculosis similar to endotoxin
inhibits macrophage activation by IFN(gamma)
induces macrophage to make TNF(alpha) --> fever, weight loss, tissue damage
induces macrophage to make IL-10 --> suppress T cell response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secrete IFN(gamma)--> activate macrophages
assoc. w/ epithelioid granuloma and removal of TB |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
kill macrophages that are infected with TB
resultsin in formation of caseating granulomas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vomit, diarrhea, rash, renal/hepatic failure, hemorrhage
Spread: contact with blood or bodily fluids, maybe other
Mort: 50%
dx: send to CDC |
|
|
Term
| insidious onset of fever, night sweats, weight loss, productive cough with blood streaked sputum or hemoptysis |
|
Definition
TB
histomplasmosis
coccidioides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
G+ cocci in grape like clusters (inside cell) or single (outside cell)
Facultative anaerobes, beta-hemolytic
CATALASE AND COAGULASE
acute pyogenic infections, ABSCCESS COMMON AGENT
many virulence factors |
|
|
Term
| virulence factors of S. aureus |
|
Definition
CATALASE - avoids PMN killing
COAGULASE - converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Hyaluronidase, B-lactamases, Leukocidin, efoliatins, superantigens, TSST |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
streptococcus pyogenes
Facultative anaerobe, G+ cocci in pairs/long chains
beta-hemolytic |
|
|
Term
| group A strep virulence factors |
|
Definition
M protein - resist phagocytosis
Erythorogenic toxin - scarlet fever
streoptokinase/fibrinolysin - spread
hyaluronidase - spreading
exotoxins - fever, shock, tissue damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most frequent strep cause of subacute bacterial endocarditis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
subspecies strep
mixed wound infections, septicemia, endocarditis
some vancomycin resistant |
|
|
Term
| neonatal meningitis agents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| young adult meningitis agents |
|
Definition
n. meningitidis
s. pneumoniae |
|
|
Term
| adult (>30 to <60) meningitis agents |
|
Definition
s. pneumoniae
n. meningtidis
h. flu |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
G- tiny diplococcic, grows on chocolate
meningitis, septicemia, DIC, Waterhouse-Frederichson syndrome w. acute hemorrhagic infarct of adrenals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anaerobic, G+ box-car rods,
necrotic wound infections |
|
|
Term
| granucytopenia (defect in phagocytosis) assoc. infectious agents |
|
Definition
Bacteria: e. coli, klebsiella, MRSA, pseudomonas, coag-negative staph
Yeast - candida
Molds - aspergillus, mucor |
|
|
Term
| cellular immune dysfunction (T cells) assoc. infectious agents |
|
Definition
Viruses and Fungi
Fungi: aspergillis, candida, histoplasma, Cryptococcus
Protozoa: cryptosporidium, toxoplasma
Virus: CMV, EBV, HSV, VZV
(Bactera: TB, legionella, listeria, salmonella) |
|
|
Term
cryptiosporidium
cyclospora |
|
Definition
parasites, protozoans
adhere to brush border of instestines, cause malabsorption
dx: oocysts, acid-fast+; crypto-round, cyclo-larger |
|
|
Term
splenectomy, sickle cell
assoc. infectious agents |
|
Definition
strep pneumoniae
salmonella typhi |
|
|
Term
| prostate hyperplasia or carcinoma assoc. infections |
|
Definition
urinary tract inf.
e. coli and others |
|
|
Term
| cystic fiboris assoc. infections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CNS catheter assoc. infectious agents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| catheters and prosthetic device assoc. infectious agents |
|
Definition
Bacteria: viridians strep, coag-neg staph
Yeast: candida |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
legionella pneumophila, bacteria
G- rod, intracellular, silver GMS+
Dx: DFA on sputum
Culture - buffered charcoal yeast or cysteine supplemented
elderly and transplant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
G+ rod, anaerobic, blood agar growth
pseudomembranous enterocolitis - nosocomial diarrhea
cause: clindamycin use kills other bacteria but this is naturally resistant
tx: vanco or flagyl |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
candida albicans, fungus
budding yeast with PSEUDOHYPHAE
risk: catheters, neutropenia, broad spec abx
Sympt: thrush, esophagitis, kidney microabscesses
GERM TUBE+
TX: fluconazole in AIDS |
|
|
Term
| medically immunosuppression infectious agents |
|
Definition
Crohn's: TB, histo, coccidioides
Rheumatoid Arthritis: lympohoma, histo, coccidioides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Septra
used for CA-MRSA, E. coli UTI, pneumocystic pneumoniae, shigellosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| owl's eye nuclear inclusions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| septate hyphae invade blood vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lymph node stuffed with acid-fast bacilli |
|
Definition
| mycobacterium avium-intracellulare |
|
|
Term
| budding yeast with pseudohyphae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| showers and non-chlorinated water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| broad hyphae with no septae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cysts with 8 trophozoites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cystic fibrosis - most common infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| splenectomy or sickle cell - most common infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AIDS - most common infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ketoacidosis and sinusitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| neutropenia - most common infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| arterial and CNS catheters - most common infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| failure to immunize normal children - assoc. w/... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| quinolones and PPIS - assoc. w/ what infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA viruses
vesicular PAINFUL lesions in skin and mucus membranes
latency in nerves
Complications: corneal lesions, ENCEPHALITIS IN TEMPORAL LOBE,
CROWDY TYPE A
syncytia or multinucleated giant cells
dx: culture in tissue culture or shell vial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inclusions or pink/purple bodies that push host chromatin to edge of nucleus
center of nucleus is clear and rim is dark |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
necrosis of lungs, liver, adrenals and CNS
C-section require3d if active herpes inf present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
obligate intracellular parasite, G- rod
ELEMENTARY BODY - infectious
RETICULATE BODY - multiply
Inf: urethritis, cervicitis, PID
LGV, Trachoma --> eye infection
DX: AMPLIFIED DNA PROBE, gram stain for males only |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lymphogranuloma venereum caused by chlamydia
Stellate abscesses - sheets of PMNs surrounded by granulomatous inflammation (macrophages) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, G- coccus
Inf: urethritis, cervicitis, proctitis, salpingitis
Bacteremia --> arthritis and dermatitis
Purulent inflammation
DX: AMPLIFIED DNA PROBE, gram stain for males only |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| virulence factors of n. gonorrhoeae |
|
Definition
adehesin and pili - binding
capsule - avoid phagocytosis
protease - cleaves IgA
endotoxin - shock induction and tissue damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
syphilis 2*, treponema pallidum
cauliflower like proliferative lesion usually on genitalia
plasma cells and endoarteritis present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
HPV
cauliflower like proliferative lesion usually on genitalia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
invasion of placenta in 5th month
stillbirth and late abortions
fibrosis of liver and lungs
latent disease in childhood - keratitis, Hutinson teeth and 8th nerve deafness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
trichomonas vaginalis, anaerobic protozoan
trophozoite form only
urethritis and vaginitis
Symp: itching, watery discharge, STRAWBERRY-MUCOSA
MIXED INFLAMMATION |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CLUE CELL - cell covered in G- bacteria
urethritis and vaginitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
soft chancre PAINFUL
SCHOOL OF FISH ON GRAM STAIN
CULTURE ON CHOCOLATE AGAR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
60% assoc. w/ oropharyngeal ca
50% assoc. w/ tonsillar ca |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pediatric neoplasia
small blue cells with in circle around neuropil w/o nuclei; PSEDUOROSETTES
overexpression of N-myc
S-stage - widely metastatic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pediatric neoplasia
triphasic
blastema (blue cells), epithelium (tubules), stroma (w/ nuclei)
tumor suppressor gene loss of fx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pediatric neoplasia
in abdomen
lots of malignant small blue cells
stars in the sky are benign macrophages
translocation t(8;14) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Growth Factor
Source: platelets, macrophages, saliva, urine, milk, plasma
Effect: mitogenic for keratinocytes and fibroplasts, inc. keratinocyte migration |
|
|
Term
| TGF(beta) (source, effect) |
|
Definition
Growth factor
Source: platelets, T cells, endothelial, macrophages, smooth muscle, fibroblasts
Effect: chemotactic to inflammation for fibroblasts/smooth muscle; increase scar formation, ANGIOGENIC, decrease MMP action, induce epithelial proliferation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Growth factor
Source: lots
Effect: increase vascular permeability, mitiogenic for endothelial cells; ANGIOGENIC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
growth factor
Source: platelets, macs, endo, keratinocytes, smooth muscle
Effecct: chemotactice for phagocytes/fibroblasts/smooth muscle; Activates phagocytes/fibroblasts; Mitogenic for fibroblasts/endo/sm.m.; Increases MMP/fibronectic/MPS/ANGIOGENESIS/wound contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
growth factor
Source: mac, mast, T cell, endo, fibroblasts
Effect: Chemotactice for fibroblasts, Mitogenic for fibroblasts/epithelial; increase keratinocyte migration angiogenesis wound contraction and matrix deposition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemokines PDGF, FGF, TGFB, TNF |
|
|
Term
| fibroblasts migration and replication |
|
Definition
| PDGF, EGF, FGF, TGFB, TNF, IL1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| angiogenesis promoting factors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| collagen synthesis promoting factors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
PDGF, FGF, TNF
TGFB inhibits |
|
|
