• Defragmenting
• Checking for drive errors
• Reducing startup processes
• Whatever necessary to free up space

How often should you verify updates

and Windows service packs are installed

How much free space should

you have on your hard drive

How much space is needed for

the Windows.old folder

In Windows XP the More Options tab offers an

option that deletes what?

A third option that will delete installed Windows

components you do not need

As part of a good maintenance plan 

you should defrag a hard drive

Searches for bad sectors on a volume

and recovers the data from them if possible

Never trust it to only one media,

keep a copy of the data on another media

Every four to ten hours

What information should you record 

in your regular backup files?

• Folders or drives backed up
• Date of the backup
• Type of backup
• Label identifying the tape, disk, or other media

Only backups files that have

changed since the last full backup

All files selected for backup

are copied to the backup media,

and each file is marked as backed up

All files selected for backup

are copied to the backup media,

but files are not marked as backed up

All files created or changed since the last full 

or incremental backup are backed up, 

files are not marked as backed up

 All files created or changed on this day are backed up,

 files are not marked as backed up

• Critical files used to successful load operating system  

• Window XP and 2000 allow you to use the Backup utility to back up the system state data 

• Restores system to its condition at time of snapshot

• Those snapshots are called Restore Points

• Restore Points are taken at least every 24 hours

• delete all restore points by turning System Protection off and back on

• When System Protection is turned off all Restore Points are lost

What files are backed up when you

back up System State Data?

• Windows XP/2000 backs up all of them

• A typical system state backup has 2,500 files and 500MB of data

• A full backup of the drive on which Windows is installed

• A floppy disk with information that will help Windows use ARS

• A user folder with subfolders in the                    %SystemDrive%Users folder

• A file named Ntuser.dat in the user's folder that contains user settings and its contents are copied to the registry each time they log on

? is a wildcard for a single character

and

 * is for multiple characters

[] indicates the parameter is optional

<> indicates you can substitute any

filename in the command

Robocopy

(Robust File Copy)

is new to with Windows vista and is similar to

Xcopy

but it offers more options

Before you use the RD (remove directory) command 

what three things must be true?

• No files contained in the Directory

• No subdirectories contained in the Directory

• Must not be the current directory

 A file with a .bat file extension

it is used to execute a batch of commands

from a command prompt

How do you execute commands stored in a Mybatch.file?

A group of sectors used to hold a file

The number of sectors in a cluster is determined by the file system used, and the size of the drive

The unused part of the last cluster,

that is wasted space

NTFS, FAT32, and exFAT

Can the size of the partition or volume be

 changed in windows XP?

• When you need to expand the space on the drive

• When you want to put all user data on another volume or hard drive

• Better reliability

• Can be implemented on multiple drives to extend a volume across drives spanning

• Use piece data across multiple hard drives stripping

• For Windows XP, you can mirror 2 hard drives

To fully defrag the hard drive what

percentage must be free?

A division of the hard drive

• Windows can track up to 4 partitions

• The tracking information is in a partition table in the first 512-byte sector of the drive

• Partitions are created during the Windows installation through Disk Management

One, Two or Three Primary Partitions (Volumes)

One designated as the active partition (Startup BIOS)

It can have one extended partition that

can hold one or more logical drives

To manage files and folders on the

volume or logical drive

A group of sectors used to hold a file 

• The number of sectors is determined by the file system used and the size of the drive

• When a file is stored in one or more cluster the last cluster may have sectors that go unused this is wasted space or Slack

NTFS

 Vista allows you to resize partitions using Disk Management, but XP does not

To resize partitions in XP you can use a third party software such as PartitionMagic to create, resize, move split or combine partitions without erasing data

• Click in unallocated space

• Select New Simple Volume from shortcut menu

• Follow directions on screen

• A volume that can be accessed by way of a folder on another volume

• This gives the folder more available space

• This folder is called the Mount Point (C:Data folder)

• Make sure that the volume that it is to host the mounted drive uses a NTFS file system

• To expand the space on a drive

• Put all user data on another volume or hard drive

• A way to partition one or more hard drives, info about the drive is stored at the end of the drive

• A second type of organization that can be used by Windows Vista Business, Enterprise, Ultimate editions, and XP Professional

• Dynamic Disks use dynamic volumes that can span more than one hard drive

• It is  more reliable than the MBR method

• Better reliability

• Can be implemented on multiple hard drives to extend a volume across these drives (spanning)

• Pieces data across multiple drives (stripping/RAID 1)

• For XP you can use dynamic disk to mirror two hard drives for fault tolerance (mirroring or RAID 1)

I MB

How do you convert two or more

basic disks to dynamic disks?

 Volume is formatted with a file system

 and working without errors

 Indicates a problem with the hard drive or the file system is corrupted

Data on a failed system is likely to be lost

The disk has been sensed by Windows and can be

 accessed by either reading or writing to the disk

One volume of the system will be active

This is the volume that the startup BIOS looks to in order to load an Operating System

When a hard drive is first sensed by Windows, it is assigned the Basic disk status

It can be partitioned and formatted as a stand-alone hard drive

• Can be used with other dynamic disks in a spanned or striped volume

• When this dynamic volume is set up, the disks work together

• Disk has been corrupted or is unavailable

• Cause may be corrupted file system, drive cables loose, hard drive failed. or another hardware problem

• If you believe the problem has been corrected select Reactiviate Disk to bring it back online

Dynamic disk marked Healthy (At Risk)

• The dynamic disk can be accessed, but I/O errors have occurred.

• Try returning disk to online status

• If volume does not return healthy, back up all data and replace the drive

How do you configure a computer

for a different language?

Download and install a language pack

Change the Windows display language

Change how numbering is formatted

Change language used for keyboard input

 A snapsot of Windows XP/Vista, usually made before installation of new hardware or applications 

• If they have a slow Internet connection that is only connected when they are working on the PC

• Some experienced users do not trust all Vista updates, and want to read them before installing, in case it does not apply to them

DIR [<file name] [/p] [/s] [/w]

dir /p   lists one screen at a time

dir /w  presents info using wide format, details are ommitted and files and folders are listed in columns on the screen

dir *.txt  lists all files with a .txt file extension in the defult path

dirmyfile.txt  checks that a single file, such as my.txt, is present

dir /s   includes subdirectory enteries

a group of folders and subfolders 

associated to a specific user

How do you get to an elevated

command prompt in vista?

Start

All Programs

Select Run as Administrator from shortcut menu

in command prompt window type cls and press Enter

to close type exit and press Enter

What do these switches do with when

added to the Copy command 

/A

/V

/Y

/A   only files that have archive attribute on are copied

/V    size of the new file is compared to the size of the original file, slows copy time, but verifies no errors     

/Y    a confirmation message does not appear asking you to confirm before overwriting a file

Removes a subdirectory

The subdirectory must contain no files, subdirectories, and not be the current directory

allocation units

The FAT or MTF is responsible for keeping a record of each cluster that belongs to a file.

clusters that are marked as used in the FAT or MTF,

the cluser does not belong to any file