Term
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Definition
| marxists believe all societies are always under constant conflict. smallest=conflict of interest. highest=conflict between nations/wars. other levles of conflict are in between |
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Term
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Definition
| interdependence of living organisms and the physical environments |
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Term
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Definition
| study of relationship between living organisms and their enviroments |
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Term
| Environmental history of development |
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Definition
foraging
pastoralism=dometication and farming
agriculture
technical changed=starts the serious threat to environments
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Term
| environmental history of development through technical changes |
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Definition
Graeco-Roman Antiquity=simple tech, easier one environment. manual labor is inferior. belief in pure science
Middle Ages=religion not friendly to environments. nature considered inferior. simple tech. religion dominates
Renaissance=religion weakens. rebirth. science, logic and reason dominate
Age of Rationalism=renaissance lead to this
Industrialization=new inventions centered around England. beginning of serious problems to environemtns |
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Term
| Problems to the environment |
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Definition
degradation of land=thro desertificaiton and erosion, deforestation, water logging and salinity (green revolution)
pollution as a result of industrial revolution=chemical pollution, solid waste, water pollution
endangered species leading to loss of biodiversity=plant species, animal species, and fisheries
air and atmosphere=increasing level of CO2 (san fransico "mist"), global warming, ozone depletion, acid rain
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Term
| DEF competitive theory on environment |
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Definition
human population is increasing and resources depleting upsetting the balance that is not in favor of nature. imbalance causes ppl to compete for resources.
(realism, malthusianism, liberlism)
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Term
competitive theories and the environment
REALISM |
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Definition
as a result of competition ppl will fight with wars. entire process of war, industry related to war and the outcome of war destroys nature.
believes it is idealistic to believe that there will be no wars from this competition |
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Term
competitive theories on the environment
MALTHUSIANISM |
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Definition
| belief that nature will take care of the problem thro positive checks. nature will creae a balance. population in rich nations is much more dangerous than population in poor nations. |
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Term
competitive theories and the environment
LIBERALISM |
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Definition
| belief that we can protect our environments by liberating the markets. will help profit so that we will use as little resources as possible to make as much profti. competition among businesses will create use of resources that is more friendly to environments. very debatable. |
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Term
| Cooperative theory on the environment |
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Definition
| belief that human nature is not bad. if we realize there are problems then we will be able to create a cooperative society of peace, harmony, equity and friendly to environments etc. |
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Term
| development theory on the environment |
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Definition
| agrees partially with cooperative. development should continue but we need to redefine what is development. |
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Term
| Anti-domination theory on the environment |
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Definition
influenced by Marxism
the domination of nations is the problem
capitalism destroys nature
men are more dangerous than women to the environment.
mens domination over women destroys nature.
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Term
sources of the environmental problem
culture and the cornucopian view |
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Definition
| looks at all religious books. direct quotes or interpretations that suggest that God created humans to be superior to all other creations of God. a divine right to rule on planet earth is bad for the environment. |
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Term
sources of the environmental problem
Culture and the over-use of technology |
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Definition
dependence on tech whether it is necessary or not.
tech negates nature (controls it)
process of development is bad for environment. |
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Term
sources of the environmental problem
culture and the growth ethics |
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Definition
| we need to grow as an indication of prosperity. this is bad for the environment. |
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Term
sources of the environmental problem
culture and materialism |
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Definition
| use of material things as an indicator of status is not good for the environment. |
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Term
sources of the environmental problem
culture and individualism |
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Definition
society that cant share.
obsession over what is "mine"
bad for environment. |
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Term
sources of the environmental problem
structural determinants equation |
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Definition
think cost of something = capital + labor + raw material
in reality you also have to add scarcity, pollution, intergenerational and health (cost=A+B+B[S+P+I+H])
never paid for scarcity damage of pollution, intergenerational change in environment and species, and the health of individuals. |
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Term
sources of the environmental problem
structural determinants and politics. |
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Definition
| leaders always struggle to be reelected so will not close down harmful factories due to the environment because of the loss of jobs it would cause. |
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Term
sources of the environmental problem
structural determinants and population growth |
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Definition
| increase in population increases resources needed etc. bad for environment. |
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Term
sources of the environmental problem
structural determinants and stratification |
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Definition
| society based on inequality makes the ppl on the bottom to stive for the luxury of those at the top. increases competition and consumerism to replicate that top lifestyle. |
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Term
What can we do to help the environment
Structural changes? |
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Definition
economic changes? =change capitalism=wont happen
political changes?=wont happen
cultural changes?=change consumerism=no, very difficult
changes in tech?=possible. balanced tech thats friendlier
changes in family size?=pop control. possible
appropriate technology?=possible. |
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Term
What can we do to help the environment?
Individual level changes? |
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Definition
change in lifestyle=less individualism and consumerism and materialism. possible
collective good as opposed to individualism=possible. some countries have already done it. |
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Term
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Definition
| the highest form of conflict |
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Term
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Definition
| too hard to define. depends on your perspective. freedom fighters or terrorists. victims are always the innocent. |
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Term
| violence or threat of violency by an individual or a group as a political strategy types |
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Definition
individual level=can be violent for personal reasons.
state level=organized group. sponsored and funded by ppl which makes it more widespread and dangerous. state level responsible for training terrorists |
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Term
| international conflicts in history |
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Definition
world war I and II
Korea
Vietnam
India and Pakistan
Israel and Arabs
Iraq
Afghanistan
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Term
| internal conflicts in history |
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Definition
Somalia--fundamentalist Muslims
Rwand--ethnic groups
Algeria--religion
Sri Lanka--ethnic groups
India--religion, politics, etc.
Pakistan--religion
Bosnia--religion
Ireland--religion
Egypt--ordinary ppl revolution
Tunisia, Libya, Sudan, Syria--""
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Term
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Definition
based on the assumption that war sometimes is inevitable
justice in war--justify only if war will end in peace. needs appropriate reasons
justice in conducting the war--war needs to follow certain rules. use minimum force for maximum gain. prisioners of war treated with dignity
justice in ending the war leading to peace--end shouldnt lead to revenge. peace based on fairness. punishment proportional to crimes. |
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Term
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Definition
| believe it is simple to look at wars. increasing population leads to competition for limited resources leads to wars. imbalance will cause wars |
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Term
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Definition
| opposite of just war theory. should be absolutely no wars under any circumstances. peace love compromise, no killing of the innocent. preached about in many religions. |
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Term
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Definition
political reasons
religious reasons
economic reasons
socio-cultural reasons
(leads to)
alienation of individuals
alienation of groups
alienation of nations
(leads to)
conflict and terrorism
(all of these interrelate with one another)
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Term
complexity model of war
and
Political reasons |
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Definition
political differences--party dictatorship, amry govt, monarchy
diffusion of power--like between the two blocks. brings peace cuz no country would risk invading another and getting the rath of the whole block
grass-root level movements--organized by ordinary ppl
weakening of naiton state--
trust in federal govt is weakening all over the world. mistrust leads to movements to get rid of fed govt.
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Term
complexity war model
and
religious reasons |
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Definition
conflicts across religions
conflicts w/in each religion
emerging fundamentalism
role of religion in politics |
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Term
| complexity war model and economic reasons |
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Definition
economic inequality
over-emphasis on economic achievements
globalization
conflicts over depleting resources |
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Term
complexity war model and socio-cultural reasons
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Definition
race and ethnicity
social class
language
population growth |
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Term
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Definition
the defense industry and shareholders
international contractors
organized labor
states and communities
academic communities
active military personnel and veterans |
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Term
| economic cost of the wars |
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Definition
| Iraq and Afghanistan are the most expensive in all of history. |
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Term
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Definition
human losses
material losses
loss of civil rights
loss of mutual trust
dehumanization |
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Term
| Nuclear dismantlement treaty |
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Definition
| signed a pact to dismantle some of the devices. cut down was nearly half. in the US trying to get all those wasteful materials to go to Yucca Mountain in Nevada. great protest. waste will emit radiation for 10,000 years some for millions of years. |
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Term
| States with largest number of nuclear weapons |
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Definition
New Mexico
Georgia
Washington
Nevada
North Dakota |
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Term
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Definition
"A unified system of beliefs and practices regarding sacred things that united its adherents into a single moral community" (Durkheim)
All religions have: sacred, belief system, rituals, organization of believers |
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Term
Global Relgions
(Most famous) |
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Definition
Hinduism (oldest, caste ranking from Gods body parts, pacifism)
Judais--replicated from folklore
Buddhism
Confucianism
Christianity--replicated from folklore
Islam--replicated from folklore
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Term
| Bertrand Russle on Religion |
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Definition
Why I am not a Christian?
so many relgions out there and only one is the right religion
w/in that religion there is many groups only one is right
w/in that right group there is many followers that sin and only one group avoid sin
only this small ppl that do the right practices go to paradise.
compared to the world population it is a very very small amount and the rest of the 99.999% of world pop goes to Hell. so he doest believe in that God. |
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Term
| Functional perspective and religion |
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Definition
believes all societies, institutions, and relgions are functional.
Function of religion:
social cohesion--relgion unites ppl thro shares symbolism, values, and norms (durkheim)
social control and conformity
meaning and purpose (max weber)
emotional integration and control of dangerous impulses (freud)--religion controls the part of you that is negative.
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Term
| conflict perspective on relgion |
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Definition
Marx
Man makes religion, religion does not make man
social inequality and relgion
religion as a tool to control and exploit
relgion as opium |
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Term
| contemporary issues of religion |
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Definition
religion and economy (economy based on religious principles should be based on fairness, justice equality etc. not in reality)
religion and state (always interrelated)
religion and science (always at odds)
relgion and conflicts(among and w/in all religions)
religion and fundamentalism (small fundamentalists hijack ppls faith and are now increasing in power and number)
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Term
| Chapter 7 environment and consumption |
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Definition
nation sate and consumption--govt and elite uses whatever they have to manipulate consumers
the story of sugar
the story of beef (spain, england, Us, modern beef)
internalization of beef and sugar products |
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Term
| Chapter 9 indigenous groups and ethnic conflicts |
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Definition
in reality conflict is between rich and poor or powerful and powerless
capitalism and indegenous cultures (resist capitalism cuz it doesnt like cultural diversity, ethnocide, extension of govt control, cultural modification and edu)
economic developement--is uneven
examples--guarani(Paraguay), Ethnic cleansing and Yugoslavia, Rwanda |
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Term
| Chapter 10 Peasant protest, rebellion and resistance |
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Definition
Malaysian peasants and green revolution--protest against loss of jobs due to new farming tech
Kikuyu and the Mau Mau Rebellion--two tribes in Kenya colonized by UK. British guy drowned in urine of resisting tribe so the British killed the entire tribe as an example
Chiapas of Mexico--resistance of farmers vs. capitalism |
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Term
Chapter 11
antisystemic protest |
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Definition
revolution of 1848 beginning in France. organized by workers. ended quickly so was a short term failure but long term implications made
revolution of 1968 civil rights movment in US
protests target groups or individuals not the system itself |
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Term
chapter 12
religion and antisystemic protest |
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Definition
small scale protests directly protest the system even if indirect systems (ghost dance, cargo cults, zionism)
recent large scale protests of fundamentalism protestsing against. modernizaiton, secular humanism, westernization, capitalism and use religion to transform capitalism, but views on women etc are contradicting. this wil be the only group that survives if economy falls |
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Term
assignment 4
which country does women have more seats in parliament |
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Definition
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Term
assignment 4
which country do women make the lowest amount of $$ compared to men |
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Definition
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Term
assignment 5
which nation gave women a right vote the earliest |
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Definition
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Term
assignment 5
what nation has more women than men in their lower house |
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Definition
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Term
chapter 7
who was responsible for the internalization of hamburger |
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Definition
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Term
chapter 9
how many ppl were killed in Rwand and who helped end the massacre |
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Definition
| one million and no one did. |
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Term
chapter 10
traditionally who owned the land in Mexico |
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Definition
| owned collectively by village communities |
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