Term
| What year did Italy unite? |
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Definition
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| What year did Germany unite? |
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Kingdom of Naples
(Kingdom of the Two Sicilies)
what part of Italy was it? |
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Definition
| The southern half of the boot and Sicily |
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Term
Papal states
where in Italy? |
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Definition
| the middle of the peninsula |
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Definition
| Northern industrialized provinces; ruled by Austria |
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| Sardinia plus the northwestern provinces |
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Victor Emmanuel II
(1849-1878) |
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Definition
Ruler of Sardinia
(a constitutional monarchy) |
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Term
Camillo di Cavour
(1819 - 1861) |
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Definition
Became prime minister of Sardinia in 1854;
believed Italy could be unified only through force and that Sardinia would have to lead the battle |
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Giuseppe Mazzini
(1805-1872) |
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Definition
Romantic Italian nationalist;
Argued in Duties of Man that the nation was a divine device and an extended family |
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Definition
| Cavour helped Napoleon with the Crimean War, and asked for Napoleon III's help against Austria |
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Definition
| Where Cavour got Napoleon to agree to support him in a potential war against Austria |
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Giuseppe Garibaldi's army that invaded, and successfully took over, Sicily in 1860, with the encouragement of Cavour;
they were trying to unite Italy |
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Definition
| German customs union that opened trade between the provinces and united Germany economically |
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Definition
Ruler family of Prussia,
Determined to face the Hapsburgs of Austria and unite Germany by force |
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Otto von Bismarck
(1815-1898) |
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Definition
Junker appointed chancellor of Prussia
by Willhelm I;
collected illegal taxes in Prussia, killing democracy but enlarging the army;
wanted to UNITE Germany |
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Term
The War Against Denmark
(1864) |
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Definition
Allied ALL of Germany (Prussia, Austria, and the other German states) against Denamrk;
Germany won, and Austria and Prussia fought over who would get what--Austro-Prussian War |
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Term
Austro-Prussian War
(Seven Weeks' War)
(1866) |
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Definition
Austria and Prussia fouhgt over the issues of the war with Denmark;
Austria had the help of all the other states, but Prussia was super strong and still beat them--in only 7 weeks |
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Term
North German Confederation
(1867) |
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Definition
Established by Bismarck to replace the German Confederation;
21 states were united under the Prussian king, with a two-house legislature--
the Reichstag (lower house) to represent all the people and to be elected by universal male suffrage
the Bundersat (upper house) to represent the princes |
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Term
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Definition
lower house of the North German Confederation , elected by universal male suffrage;
had very little real power |
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Definition
| upper house of the North German Confederation, to represent the princes |
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Term
Franco-Prussian war
(1870) |
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Definition
Bismarck incited war with France by altering the wording of the Ems Dispatch and making it public;
Napoleon III declared war in July 1870 and was crushed by Prussia in less than four months;
Treaty of Frankfurt gave Germany Alsace-Lorraine --France would resent this for generations to come |
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Term
Treaty of Frankfurt
(1870) |
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Definition
| Ended Franco-Prussian war, gave Germany Alsace-Lorraine --France would resent this for generations to come |
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Term
| Final Unification of Germany |
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Definition
After the Franco-Prussian war, the remaining states joined with the North German states;
this was Bismarck's intention all along, and his reason for starting the war |
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Term
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Definition
Bismarck's repression of the Catholics and socialists;
eventually, when his attacks on the socialists backfired, he did reforms himself so they'd be less popular--workers' compensation, old-age pensions, and medical protection made one of the most advanced social welfare systems |
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Definition
Still believed in divine right; dismissed Bismarck because he had so much power;
his ambitions and aggressions drove Europe closer & closer to war |
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Definition
Liberty & equality & freedoms of speech & assembly;
Representative government;
laissez-faire |
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Definition
reaction to the economic inequality created by the Industrial Revolution;
wanted governments to directly intervene in the economy--
government control of property, economic equality for all, and government economic planning;
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Charles Fourier
(1772-1837) |
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Definition
| Utopian socialist Frenchman who described a scheme for a utopian community based on a socialist idea |
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Definition
| pushed a program for the democratic takeover of the state to guarantee full employment |
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Definition
a glorification of the emotions and nature;
a reaction to the rationalism and restraint of the Enlightenment;
expressed deep emotions, belief in personal freedom, awe of nature and reverence of history |
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William Wordsworth
(1770-1850) |
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Definition
| English poet; glorified nature |
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Definition
French poet/dramatist;
The Hunchback of Notre Dame;
explored the darker side of life |
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John Constable
(1776-1837) |
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Definition
English painter
painted pleasant scenes of rural life |
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Term
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Definition
French countess (george is her pen name)
Autobiographical, emotional novels about unconventional love |
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Ludwig van Beethoven
(1770-1827) |
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Definition
German musician
Innovation--full use of the expanded orchestra
Emotional, emotional music |
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Term
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Definition
Literary movement that replaced literary Romanticism
human nature and destiny are formed by natural laws, heredity, and environment, NOT free will;
wrote about everyday life, the working class, etc.
focused on the here and now |
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Friedrich Neitzsche
(1844-1900) |
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Definition
German philosopher
argued that Christianity was a "slave morality" that fettered creativity |
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Herbert Spencer
(1820-1903) |
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Definition
Social Darwinism;
applied Darwinism to history and society--survival of the fittest (rich, rulers, powerful nations are "fit") |
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