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-Ottoman sultan
-known for bold military campaigns that expanded the empire
-established new law system
-focused on great architecture to commemorate himself
-naval strength of the Ottomans became formidable during his reign
-transformed the previously Byzantine city of Constantinople into Istanbul |
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-Ottoman sultan, great military leader
-captured Constantinople in 1453 and restored city as a worthy capital of a worldwide empire
-reorganized the Ottoman government and codified the criminal law |
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Persian “town square”
-town civic court used for sports, meetings, gatherings, etc |
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1. ruler or monarch of a Mongol tribe
2. successor of Genghis Khan |
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-most celebrated of all Ottoman architects
-Mosque of Süleyman in Istanbul is considered by many scholars to be his finest work
-It was based on the design of the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, a masterpiece of Byzantine architecture that greatly influenced Sinan |
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-open, vaulted alcove opening onto a courtyard
-fundamental design unit in Islamic architecture |
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-Arabic term for a mystic
-mystical Islāmic belief "Sufism" in which Muslims seek to find the truth of divine love and knowledge through direct personal experience of God |
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| The part of a Muslim household reserved for wives, concubines, and female servants |
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-founder of Timurid Empire and a descendant of Ghengis Khan
-led his nomadic hordes to conquer an area from Turkey to Mongolia
-master of the military techniques developed by Genghis Khan
-last of the mighty conquerors of Central Asia, chiefly remembered for the barbarity of his conquests and for the cultural achievements of his dynasty |
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“slave, owned by”
-bonded servants that were a major component of Muslim armies
-captured as children then raised in the Islamic culture
-took over Ayyubid dynasty and formed the Mamluk Sultanate which expanded past the bounds of the Ayyubids very rapidly
“Bahri period”
-Sets the tone for Mamluk Sultanate
“Burji (“citadel”) period”
-Cairo-centric sultanate
Like the Fatamids, they emphasize trade and, being in Egypt, they have access to the patterns and materials |
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-founder: Ismāʿīl I
-capital located at Isfahan
-Iranian dynasty that takes over and reinvents the Timurid Empire
-one of the “Gunpower Empires”
-established Shīʿite Islām as the state religion of Iran -- a major factor in uniting the nation |
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-one of the “gunpowder empires”
-expansive empire created by Turkish tribes
-overtake Byzantine city of Bursa then settle there to build their empire
-Reestablished in new forms the inherited political, economic, and social institutions |
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capital of safavid period
one of the largest cities in the world at its time
Contains two very similar mosques:
-Friday Mosque
-Shah Mosque |
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-water and trade city
-Location of Blue Mosque/Sultanahmet and Hagia Sophia
-Ruled under Constantine, the Byzantines, then the Ottomans
-conquered from byzantines by Mehmed the Conqueror (ottoman) in 1453 |
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one of the “gunpowder empires”
-The dynasty was founded by Bābur, descendant of Timur and of Genghis Khan
-Attempted to integrate Hindus and Muslims into a united Indian state
Babur (timurid prince)
– expanded empire but didn’t have the ability to unify it
Humayun
– Babur's son who unifies empire and expands further
- creates a strong sense of power and identity
- accessed trade routes/networks which created wealth
Akbar
- Humayun’s son
- reestablished and consolidated the Mughal Empire
- creates Humayun’s Tomb, an architectural identity statement made by Mughal architecture through its simple form |
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-Founded by Timur, a descendant of Ghengis Khan
-capital at “Samarkand”
-Sufism influences Timurid art by creating a sense of tenderness and closeness
-In contrast to the delicacy of their art, the architecture is massive |
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| Abu al-Fida’ Mosque and Mausoleum, Hama, Syria |
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Mamluk
Quibla wall ornamented on outside
Simplistic, selective placement of ornamentation
Intertwined, “braided” columns on inside and outside of quibla walls |
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| “Baptistere de St. Louis” (Basin by Mohammed ibn al-Zain), Egypt or Syria |
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Mamluk
inlaid metal basin made by Mohammed ibn al-Zain who signed the work in Arabic six times
Made of hammered bronze and inlaid with gold and silver
The exterior depicts scenes from the Mamlūk court |
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| Mosque of Bibi Khanum, Samarkand |
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Timurid
Samarkand – capital of Timurid Empire
founded by Timur, named after his wife
Focus on detail and use of blue-colored tilework, iwans, and geometry
Four Iwan Plan
Combination of many different styles |
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| Baysunghur Album, fol. 9v |
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Timurid
Page from manuscript
Sufism influenced Timurid art
Pattern of the name “Ali ibn’ ‘Abd al-Rahim al-Qannad” (the sugar seller) made abstract/geometric and repeated and layered
He was one of the early founders of Sufism |
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| Silk painting of Humay and Humayun, Iran |
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Timurid
Hanging wall painting
Narrative moment removed from context (not a manuscript)
Sufi and Hindu influence enhances a sense of tenderness and intimacy
Romantic love is a metaphor for Divine Love |
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| Suleymaniye Mosque, Istanbul |
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Ottoman
Suleyman the Magnificent and Sinan (architect)
Ottoman’s own version of the Hagia Sophia
Similarities: minarets, domes, raised up on platform, dominate surrounding area
By recreating, they don’t want to just take over – they want to recreate it, elevated to its highest potential.
Created to declare victory of the Byzantines but also Suleyman’s way to superceed Mehmet |
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| Hagia Sophia, Constantinople |
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Byzantine, Christian
church of holy wisdom
architectural marvel of the byzantine empire, beautifully embellished with gold and mosaics
claimed first tenant of Islam here (no god but Allah)
became inspiration for all ottoman domed mosques
Geometry professors designed it
1453: Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror takes Constantinople and converts into a mosque, a powerful political and religious statement
Dome: Allah is a lamp in a niche, light of the world
Across from Sultanahmet |
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Built by Persian ruler “Shah” – (king)
Very similar to Friday Mosque at Isfahan
four-iwan plan
Teal colors predominately used
Inspires taj mahal |
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Mughal
One of the most impeccable, beautiful structures in the world
Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal as a testament to his loss and love after his wife's death
Connections to Humayun’s tomb (Mughal)
Faced entirely in white marble just like Tomb of Salim Chishti (from Fatehpur Sikri)
Decorated with delicate floral patterns which require mastery of marble carving
He imported artisans from all over the world yet still Mughal
simplistic version of the Shah mosque in Isfahan |
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| Humayun’s Tomb, Delhi, India |
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Mughal
Akbar
architectural identity statement
many iwans used in a series of arcades in a “tiered sense”
appears more geometric and simplistic than previous mosques
opposite of Hindu temple (completely covered in ornamentation) as a way to stand apart
Taj Mahal follows and is very similar |
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| Ayyubid Sultinate response to crusades? |
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Ayyubid sultanate attempts to combine the power to combat crusades
(crusades: attempts to take the Holy land from Muslims) |
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| Which sultanate takes over the Ayyubid dynasty? |
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| Two periods of the Mamluk Sultanate? |
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Bahri period
-Sets the tone for Mamluk Sultanate
Burji (“citadel”) period
-Cairo-centric sultanate |
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| What influenced Timurid art? |
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| Sufi and Hindu influence enhances a sense of tenderness and intimacy |
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| Is Timurid architecture similar to its artwork? |
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| In contrast to the delicacy of their art, Timurid architecture is massive |
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| Byzantine city conquered by Ottomans where they settled and built their empire before moving the capital to Constantinople |
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| sultans elite infantry, strongest, trained as military machines, only love was to serve the sultan |
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| What was the importance of constantinople? |
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| It was a fortress at a point where the water narrows between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. All trade would have to pass through the territory of Constantinople |
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| also known as the Istanbul Strait, it forms part of the boundary between Europe and Asia |
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| Eastern Mediterranean island conquered by Suleyman the Magnificent |
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| Rhodes, sea based city whose activities as pirates had posed a perennial problem to Ottoman interests |
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| What dynasty takes over the Timurid? |
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| What were the three “Gunpowder Empires”? |
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| Which dynasty is evident of the rise of independent artists? |
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| Shah Jahan - title given by his father |
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| Fatehpur Sikri palace complex |
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“city of victory”
Founded by akbar
Four-iwan plan
Tomb of Salim Chishti located within
-faced with white marble which gives contrast against red sandstone of the rest of the complex |
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| “Chosen One of the Palace” - Title Shah Jahan gave his wife |
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| Which dynasty's art reflected a keen interest in depicting the natural world? |
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Yet another mockup of hagia sophia
architect – student of sinan
Located across from Hagia Sophia |
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| The Orient – Edward W. Said |
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Discusses that western approach has been based in the sense of the exotic, opposite, inferior
western’s problematic self-created view that is not actually a reflection of reality
Oriental paintings allude to something real but takes viewer on an imaginative, exotic journey |
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